Vase

On display

V&A South Kensington
British Galleries, Room 122c

Artist/Maker	Jennens and Bettridge (manufacturer)
Place of origin	Birmingham (manufactured)

Object Type
This vase, which is one of a pair of vases (W.93-1926), was used as part of the decorative arrangement on a mantelpiece or side table. This vase is typical in shape to examples produced by several firms. It could have been used for dried or fresh flowers as the oiled and oven baked papier mâché was waterproof.

People
Jennens & Bettridge, the firm run by Theodore Hyla Jennens and John Bettridge between 1816 and 1864, were famous for the range of papier mâché goods manufactured in their factory at 99, Constitution Hill, Birmingham. They also had premises at 6 Halkin Street West, Belgrave Square, London. The firm produced a range of products including writing boxes, trays, fans, and larger pieces of furniture such as chairs, tables and sofas. This vase is stamped on the bottom with the firm's name.

Materials & Making
Papier mâché ‚ was made by pasting layers of paper over moulds of the required shape. The mould for this vase was cut horizontally and the two halves pasted together with more layers of paper. After oiling and baking at very high temperatures, the vase would have been varnished and painted before the gilded decoration was added. A final coat of varnish was then applied before the vase was stove-dried and polished.

Object details

Categories	British Galleries Vases Household Objects
Object type	Vase
Materials and techniques	Papier mâché, painted and gilded Papier Mache Painting Gilding
Brief description	Papier mâché vase, one of a pair, decorated with sprays of flowers and leaves, made by Jennens and Bettridge. English, ca. 1850.
Physical description	One of two papier-mâché vases decorated with sprays of flowers and leaves in polychrome on an olive green ground. Impressed on base 'JENNENS & BETTRIDGE LONDON BIRM', beneath a crown.
Dimensions	Height: 50.1cm Base diameter: 12.7cm Dimensions checked: Measured; 14/01/1999 by sf
Marks and inscriptions	Impressed on base 'JENNENS & BETTRIDGE LONDON BIRM', beneath a crown
Credit line	Given by Mr Marmaduke Langdale Horn
Object history	Manufactured by Jennens & Bettridge, Birmingham. 06/01/2010 valuation of £800 is for the pair (W.93&A-1926)
Summary	Object Type This vase, which is one of a pair of vases (W.93-1926), was used as part of the decorative arrangement on a mantelpiece or side table. This vase is typical in shape to examples produced by several firms. It could have been used for dried or fresh flowers as the oiled and oven baked papier mâché was waterproof. People Jennens & Bettridge, the firm run by Theodore Hyla Jennens and John Bettridge between 1816 and 1864, were famous for the range of papier mâché goods manufactured in their factory at 99, Constitution Hill, Birmingham. They also had premises at 6 Halkin Street West, Belgrave Square, London. The firm produced a range of products including writing boxes, trays, fans, and larger pieces of furniture such as chairs, tables and sofas. This vase is stamped on the bottom with the firm's name. Materials & Making Papier mâché ‚ was made by pasting layers of paper over moulds of the required shape. The mould for this vase was cut horizontally and the two halves pasted together with more layers of paper. After oiling and baking at very high temperatures, the vase would have been varnished and painted before the gilded decoration was added. A final coat of varnish was then applied before the vase was stove-dried and polished.
Associated object	W.93-1926
Bibliographic references	The following excerpt is taken from Jones, Yvonne, Japanned Papier-Mâché and Tinware c. 1740-1940. Woodbridge, Antique Collectors' Club, 2012 (ISBN 978 1 85149 686 0), p.23-27: ‘Paper is believed to have been invented in China in the second century AD, and the Chinese art of making papier mâché objects is almost as ancient, but knowledge of paper-making spread only very slowly and it not reach Europe until the 12th century. Paper-mills were established in France in the late 15th century and soon after, French craftsmen began using paper pulp to make architectural ornaments, snuff boxes and other small articles. There were few paper mills in England until the late 17th century, so there was little pulp from which to make comparable articles, the paper imported from France being far too expensive to be pulped for the purpose. By the 18th century, however, there were two quite distinct branches of paper mâché manufacture in England. One was allied to the making of paper hangings, and the other, to the japanning industry. Both branches took their lead from France and this, together with the name, has not only perpetuated the myth that papier mâché was French in origin, but also overshadowed its ancient eastern history. Not only was the term papier mâché not recognised in 18th century French dictionaries, but the Journal de l’Agriculture du Commerce (1778) sourced it to England and to the first edition of Dossie’s book, The Handmaid to the Arts (1758). Its occurrence, much later in the French edition of the Paris Exhibition catalogue of 1855, may simply have been the result of the translation of texts supplied by English manufacturers. The term is, however, currently used in France today. It has been suggested that the term derives from problems of communication between English employers and French émigré workers in the 17th century when papier mâché was probably taken to mean ‘mashed paper’ (or chewed paper)…. The crux was the cachet of a French sounding name and the penchant in some quarters if fashionable society in the late 18th century to look upon anything French as highly sophisticated. … Some of the advantages of papier mâché, gleaned from contemporary records, partly explain its attractions and may have been sufficient, at least until the mid-19th century, to outweigh what will be seen as its long and labour intensive production processes. Foremost was its suitability for japanning, which was much in vogue in the 18th century. ... Furthermore, because it could be moulded into various forms, it required no joinery and was thus incredibly strong. As solid as wood, though less hard than most, it was said to blunt tools sooner, and although heavier in mass, its strength allowed it to be used in thin sections, rendering it perfect for small light objects….By the mid-19th century, it was found that it could be steam-moulded into any curve without fear of splitting. In short, it was considered superior to both wood and metal for being lighter, sounder, and admitting of a more beautiful finish’. The following excerpt is taken from Jones, Yvonne, Japanned Papier-Mâché and Tinware c. 1740-1940. Woodbridge, Antique Collectors' Club, 2012 (ISBN 978 1 85149 686 0), p. 144. "The partnership between Aaron Jennens (1788-1868) and John Bettridge (b.1790) is one of the best known in the history of the English papier mâché industry. It first appeared in the Birmingham Rate Book for the years 1810-13 when they occupied premises in Lionel Street, where one of their varnish suppliers, Messrs Thornley and Knight, was also situated. ... Between 1851 and 1852, when they were described as the largest manufacturers of papier mâché in England, they had an office in New York, possibly in anticipation of the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, held there in 1853. Though there is now a popular tendency for any unmarked yet good examples of Victorian papier mâché to be attributed to Jennens and Bettridge, there is no doubt that their reputation is justly deserved and of long standing; in their day, they were judged to have 'no rivals, or anything approximating to an equality' (Court, W.B., Rise of the Midland Industries 1600-1838, Oxford University Press, 1965, p.235)."
Collection	Furniture and Woodwork Collection
Accession number	W.93A-1926

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Record created	April 25, 2003
Record URL	https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O80221/vase-jennens-and-bettridge/

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