Chair
ca.1850
| Artist/Maker | |
| Place of origin |
Object Type
This is one of a set of chairs, each with a different castle shown on its back. The shaped legs and back show the influence of French 18th-century styles, which were very popular in the 1850s.
Materials & Making
The construction of the seat upholstery is unusual. Although it looks as though there are layers of stuffing materials tacked to the frame of the chair under the modern cover, the original upholstered seat was in fact made separately and dropped inside the frame. The top cover was then tacked lightly onto the frame. This method prevented the vulnerable surface of the papier mâché being damaged by the upholsterer hammering in tacks to hold the various layers of stuffing materials.
Places
Warwick Castle, built in 1068, was one of the most popular Victorian tourist attractions. The romantic setting of the castle, on the River Avon, and its association with William Shakespeare attracted not only British visitors but also Americans. Enterprising local publishers produced souvenirs of the castle, including guidebooks, prints, photographs and album views. Manufacturers used illustrations of this and other historic buildings to decorate papier mâché products, such as the back of this chair.
This is one of a set of chairs, each with a different castle shown on its back. The shaped legs and back show the influence of French 18th-century styles, which were very popular in the 1850s.
Materials & Making
The construction of the seat upholstery is unusual. Although it looks as though there are layers of stuffing materials tacked to the frame of the chair under the modern cover, the original upholstered seat was in fact made separately and dropped inside the frame. The top cover was then tacked lightly onto the frame. This method prevented the vulnerable surface of the papier mâché being damaged by the upholsterer hammering in tacks to hold the various layers of stuffing materials.
Places
Warwick Castle, built in 1068, was one of the most popular Victorian tourist attractions. The romantic setting of the castle, on the River Avon, and its association with William Shakespeare attracted not only British visitors but also Americans. Enterprising local publishers produced souvenirs of the castle, including guidebooks, prints, photographs and album views. Manufacturers used illustrations of this and other historic buildings to decorate papier mâché products, such as the back of this chair.
Object details
| Category | |
| Object type | |
| Parts | This object consists of 2 parts.
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| Materials and techniques | |
| Brief description | Papier mâché chair with pierced and painted back, English, ca.1850, Jennens & Bettridge |
| Physical description | Papier mâché chair japanned black, decorated with mother-of-pearl inlay, partially painted, and a painted oval cartouche of Warwick Castle on the piereced back rest. Cabriole front legs with gilded leaf mouldings and upholstered damask seat. |
| Dimensions |
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| Credit line | Given by Mr Marmaduke Langdale Horn |
| Summary | Object Type This is one of a set of chairs, each with a different castle shown on its back. The shaped legs and back show the influence of French 18th-century styles, which were very popular in the 1850s. Materials & Making The construction of the seat upholstery is unusual. Although it looks as though there are layers of stuffing materials tacked to the frame of the chair under the modern cover, the original upholstered seat was in fact made separately and dropped inside the frame. The top cover was then tacked lightly onto the frame. This method prevented the vulnerable surface of the papier mâché being damaged by the upholsterer hammering in tacks to hold the various layers of stuffing materials. Places Warwick Castle, built in 1068, was one of the most popular Victorian tourist attractions. The romantic setting of the castle, on the River Avon, and its association with William Shakespeare attracted not only British visitors but also Americans. Enterprising local publishers produced souvenirs of the castle, including guidebooks, prints, photographs and album views. Manufacturers used illustrations of this and other historic buildings to decorate papier mâché products, such as the back of this chair. |
| Bibliographic reference | The following excerpt is taken from Jones, Yvonne, Japanned Papier-Mâché and Tinware c. 1740-1940. Woodbridge, Antique Collectors' Club, 2012 (ISBN 978 1 85149 686 0), p.23-27:
‘Paper is believed to have been invented in China in the second century AD, and the Chinese art of making papier mâché objects is almost as ancient, but knowledge of paper-making spread only very slowly and it not reach Europe until the 12th century. Paper-mills were established in France in the late 15th century and soon after, French craftsmen began using paper pulp to make architectural ornaments, snuff boxes and other small articles. There were few paper mills in England until the late 17th century, so there was little pulp from which to make comparable articles, the paper imported from France being far too expensive to be pulped for the purpose.
By the 18th century, however, there were two quite distinct branches of paper mâché manufacture in England. One was allied to the making of paper hangings, and the other, to the japanning industry. Both branches took their lead from France and this, together with the name, has not only perpetuated the myth that papier mâché was French in origin, but also overshadowed its ancient eastern history.
Not only was the term papier mâché not recognised in 18th century French dictionaries, but the Journal de l’Agriculture du Commerce (1778) sourced it to England and to the first edition of Dossie’s book, The Handmaid to the Arts (1758). Its occurrence, much later in the French edition of the Paris Exhibition catalogue of 1855, may simply have been the result of the translation of texts supplied by English manufacturers. The term is, however, currently used in France today.
It has been suggested that the term derives from problems of communication between English employers and French émigré workers in the 17th century when papier mâché was probably taken to mean ‘mashed paper’ (or chewed paper)…. The crux was the cachet of a French sounding name and the penchant in some quarters if fashionable society in the late 18th century to look upon anything French as highly sophisticated.
…
Some of the advantages of papier mâché, gleaned from contemporary records, partly explain its attractions and may have been sufficient, at least until the mid-19th century, to outweigh what will be seen as its long and labour intensive production processes. Foremost was its suitability for japanning, which was much in vogue in the 18th century.
...
Furthermore, because it could be moulded into various forms, it required no joinery and was thus incredibly strong. As solid as wood, though less hard than most, it was said to blunt tools sooner, and although heavier in mass, its strength allowed it to be used in thin sections, rendering it perfect for small light objects….By the mid-19th century, it was found that it could be steam-moulded into any curve without fear of splitting. In short, it was considered superior to both wood and metal for being lighter, sounder, and admitting of a more beautiful finish’. |
| Collection | |
| Accession number | W.3-1929 |
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| Record created | March 27, 2003 |
| Record URL |
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