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August

Roundel
ca. 1480 (made)
Artist/Maker
Place of origin

This roundel is one of three acquired by the museum in 1931 (Museum nos.C.133-135-1931). Originally they would have formed part of a set of 12 roundels depicting the ‘Labours of the Months’. Another roundel from this set, depicting the month of January or February is now in the Burrell Collection in Glasgow. The original location of these roundels is unknown but they are believed to have come from the old parsonage at St Michael-at-Coslany in Norwich.

The depiction of the months and occupations associated with them appear early in the Medieval period on church facades and interiors. They also appear in illuminated manuscripts and start to become more common in stained glass in the 14th and, especially, the 15th century.

The occupations depicted in these ‘Labours of the Months’ are mostly agricultural and are thus intimately associated with the landed class and their agricultural labourers. These ‘Labours’ are found all throughout Europe and the occupations depicted are fairly standard but do vary in accordance with the local climate. Harvesting, for instance, began earlier in the year in Southern Europe. Feasting and drinking scenes, mostly aristocratic in form, appear in either December or January in all European countries as these months are traditionally associated with major festivals in the Church year and the slaughtering of animals for winter food.

Some of the ‘Labour of the Months’ stained glass roundels believed to have been painted in England share the same imagery. This imagery must have come from a common source, most likely from a series of woodblock engravings which may have circulated between the glazing workshops.

The figure of a young man wearing a short green tunic and white hose occupies the centre of the roundel. He is wearing a cap on his head and is standing on a ladder picking fruit. There is a sack full of fruit at the bottom of the roundel. On many roundels the particular month being illustrated is indicated by some text but not on this roundel. Fruit-picking is sometimes associated with the summer months and it is likely that 'August' is being depicted here.

Because of their small size roundels were within the means of a large number of consumers at the end of the medieval period. The majority of roundels that have survived, both in England and on the Continent, are executed simply in silver stain and brown-black pigment. These were the most affordable of this type of roundel. The roundel here incorporates coloured (pot-metal) glass which would therefore require more labour and skill in its construction. Also, the price of coloured glass (most likely imported from the continent) was higher than clear glass. These types of small stained glass panels are considered to be ‘deluxe roundels’.

Object details

Categories
Object type
TitleAugust (generic title)
Materials and techniques
Clear and coloured glass with painted details and yellow (silver) stain
Brief description
Roundel of clear and coloured glass with yellow (silver) stain and brown painted details. Depicting a young man picking fruit and illustrating the month of August, probably, from a series of the Labours of the Months. Made in England (Norwich), ca.1480.
Physical description
The figure of a young man wearing a pot-metal green short tunic and white hose climbs a ladder placed diagonally across the roundel. He picks fruit and puts them in a straw basket on the ground. There is a sack, presumably filled with fruit, on the ground and tied with a cord at the top.
Dimensions
  • Diameter: 28.4cm
Measured for the Medieval and Renaissance Galleries
Object history
Believed to have come from the old parsonage at St Michael-at-Coslany, Norwich.
Historical context
This roundel is one of three acquired by the museum in 1931 (Museum nos.C.133-135-1931). Originally they would have formed part of a set of 12 roundels depicting the ‘Labours of the Months’. Another roundel from this set, depicting the month of January or February is now in the Burrell Collection in Glasgow. The original location of these roundels is unknown but they are believed to have come from the old parsonage at St Michael-at-Coslany in Norwich.

The depiction of the months and occupations associated with them appear early in the Medieval period on church facades and interiors. They also appear in illuminated manuscripts and start to become more common in stained glass in the 14th and, especially, the 15th century.

The occupations depicted in these ‘Labours of the Months’ are mostly agricultural and are thus intimately associated with the landed class and their agricultural labourers. These ‘Labours’ are found all throughout Europe and the occupations depicted are fairly standard but do vary in accordance with the local climate. Harvesting, for instance, began earlier in the year in Southern Europe. Feasting and drinking scenes, mostly aristocratic in form, appear in either December or January in all European countries as these months are traditionally associated with major festivals in the Church year and the slaughtering of animals for winter food.

Some of the ‘Labour of the Months’ stained glass roundels believed to have been painted in England share the same imagery. This imagery must have come from a common source, most likely from a series of woodblock engravings which may have circulated between the glazing workshops.

The figure of a young man wearing a short green tunic and white hose occupies the centre of the roundel. He is wearing a cap on his head and is standing on a ladder picking fruit. There is a sack full of fruit at the bottom of the roundel. On many roundels the particular month being illustrated is indicated by some text but not on this roundel. Fruit-picking is sometimes associated with the summer months and it is likely that 'August' is being depicted here.

Because of their small size roundels were within the means of a large number of consumers at the end of the medieval period. The majority of roundels that have survived, both in England and on the Continent, are executed simply in silver stain and brown-black pigment. These were the most affordable of this type of roundel. The roundel here incorporates coloured (pot-metal) glass which would therefore require more labour and skill in its construction. Also, the price of coloured glass (most likely imported from the continent) was higher than clear glass. These types of small stained glass panels are considered to be ‘deluxe roundels’.
Production
Formerly in the parsonage of the church at St. Michael-at-Coslany
Subjects depicted
Summary
This roundel is one of three acquired by the museum in 1931 (Museum nos.C.133-135-1931). Originally they would have formed part of a set of 12 roundels depicting the ‘Labours of the Months’. Another roundel from this set, depicting the month of January or February is now in the Burrell Collection in Glasgow. The original location of these roundels is unknown but they are believed to have come from the old parsonage at St Michael-at-Coslany in Norwich.

The depiction of the months and occupations associated with them appear early in the Medieval period on church facades and interiors. They also appear in illuminated manuscripts and start to become more common in stained glass in the 14th and, especially, the 15th century.

The occupations depicted in these ‘Labours of the Months’ are mostly agricultural and are thus intimately associated with the landed class and their agricultural labourers. These ‘Labours’ are found all throughout Europe and the occupations depicted are fairly standard but do vary in accordance with the local climate. Harvesting, for instance, began earlier in the year in Southern Europe. Feasting and drinking scenes, mostly aristocratic in form, appear in either December or January in all European countries as these months are traditionally associated with major festivals in the Church year and the slaughtering of animals for winter food.

Some of the ‘Labour of the Months’ stained glass roundels believed to have been painted in England share the same imagery. This imagery must have come from a common source, most likely from a series of woodblock engravings which may have circulated between the glazing workshops.

The figure of a young man wearing a short green tunic and white hose occupies the centre of the roundel. He is wearing a cap on his head and is standing on a ladder picking fruit. There is a sack full of fruit at the bottom of the roundel. On many roundels the particular month being illustrated is indicated by some text but not on this roundel. Fruit-picking is sometimes associated with the summer months and it is likely that 'August' is being depicted here.

Because of their small size roundels were within the means of a large number of consumers at the end of the medieval period. The majority of roundels that have survived, both in England and on the Continent, are executed simply in silver stain and brown-black pigment. These were the most affordable of this type of roundel. The roundel here incorporates coloured (pot-metal) glass which would therefore require more labour and skill in its construction. Also, the price of coloured glass (most likely imported from the continent) was higher than clear glass. These types of small stained glass panels are considered to be ‘deluxe roundels’.
Associated objects
Bibliographic references
  • Kerry Ayre, Medieval English Figurative Roundels, (CVMA), Summary Catalogue 6, British Academy 2002
  • The Burrell Collection, HarperCollins, reprinted 2001
  • E.A. Kent, 'The Seasons in Domestic Glass', Journal of the British Society of Master Glass Painters, iv, 3 (1933-4), pp.19-24
  • G.A.King, drawings (box/folder/drawing) 2/2/23 [C.135-1931], 2/2/24 [C.133-1931], 2/2/25 [C.134-1931]
  • P.Lasco and N.J. Morgan, Medieval Art in East Anglia 1300-1520, Norwich, 1973
  • R. Marks, Stained Glass in England during the Middle Ages, London, 1993
  • Bernard Rackham, A Guide to the Collection of Stained Glass, Victoria & Albert Museum, 1936
  • Paul Williamson, Medieval and Renaissance Stained Glass in the Victoria & Albert Museum, V&A, 2003
  • C.J.W. Winter, A Selection of Illustrations of Norfolk and Norwich Antiquities, 2 vols., Norwich, 1885-88, 1887-88
  • C.Woodforde, The Norwich School of Glass-Painting in the Fifteenth Century, London, 1950
  • Herbert Read, 'The Labours of the Months: A series of stained glass roundels', Burlington Magazine, vol.43, no.247 (Oct.1923), pp.166-8
Collection
Accession number
C.135-1931

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Record createdMay 5, 1998
Record URL
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