Firescreen
c. 1850-1860 (made)
Artist/Maker | |
Place of origin |
Screens
Used to provide protection from draughts and the heat of fires, and/or for decoration, screens have been in use for centuries. In the Middle Ages they tended to be fixtures, whereas screens of many kinds were made after the Restoration. Those with uprights and a central panel became popular at this time, although the terms horse screen and cheval screen were not employed until later. Folding screens were also available, as were pole screens with tripod feet, but it was not until the first half of the eighteenth century that pole screens became common. Screen panels were often painted or decorated with needlework. In the early nineteenth century the traditional forms persisted while banner screens – which consisted of fabric suspended from a cross-bar on an upright pole - also became popular. Other nineteenth-century screen phenomena included horse screens featuring stuffed birds, such as CIRC.19-1961, a style foreshadowed by eighteenth-century feather-work screens.
Taxidermy
The earliest surviving examples of taxidermy (stuffing the skins of animals) date back to the sixteenth century. Early on taxidermy was displayed in ‘Cabinets of Curiosities’. Over time these collections developed into private and public museums used for study. It was during the nineteenth century that taxidermy, practiced professionally and by amateurs, became extremely lucrative and widespread, and that there was high demand for naturalistic and decorative taxidermy. As animals began to be illustrated in more active stances, surrounded by other wildlife, and as more sophisticated taxidermy techniques developed, taxidermists started to present their subjects less stiffly, often in groups and alongside items such as artificial leaves. The 1851 Great Exhibition featured many examples of realistic and artistic taxidermy, increasing the interest in such work. Decorative taxidermy was driven more by beauty that truth to nature, although here too vitality and abundance were often emphasised. Sometimes amusement was the aim: ‘comic’ or ‘grotesque’ scenes showing gaming squirrels, fencing rats and the like satirised humans. Taxidermy was not, however, universally loved. Various groups concerned about animal cruelty and extinction - such as Fur, Fin and Feather Folk (1889) and Plumage League (1889) which were absorbed into the Society for the Protection of Birds (1891, from 1904 the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) - formed in the nineteenth century. One of the RSPB’S major successes was the Importation of Plumage (Prohibition) Act, an act of United Kingdom legislation passed in 1921. In the latter half of the nineteenth century in particular birds were used extensively for domestic displays and fashion, especially colourful varieties such as hummingbirds and tanagers, collected from places including Central and South America and India. Realism tended to be eschewed: birds from different continents were regularly displayed together and the poses that birds were made to adopt were designed to show off their feathers rather than demonstrate avian anatomy.
Bird Screens
Stuffed birds were regularly displayed in glass domes referred to as 'shades' and used on hats. Bird screens were also popular from the latter half of the nineteenth century into the Edwardian period. They were typically positioned in front of an inactive fireplace during the summer or used to flank the fireplace and they came in two dominant forms. Horse firescreens featuring glass cabinets containing birds were very popular. The frames tended to be made from turned and carved wood which was sometimes gilded or from dowel or bamboo. Alternatively, a large bird such as a peacock or a heron could be displayed on a stand, its wings and tail dramatically splayed out behind the head and breast. Numerous examples of the former type of screens, including CIRC.19-1961, have survived, whereas screens displaying a lone unprotected bird are now very rare. Although the carving on the frame of CIRC.19-1961 is not particularly intricate, the fact that the birds have a range of different eyes indicates that the piece was good quality and expensive. Birds, like humans, have different coloured eyes, but this was not always reflected in taxidermy because it was costly to carry a wide range of eye options. The maker of this screen is unknown, as is often the case with decorative nineteenth-century taxidermy. Such pieces were often made in London, by companies including Ashmead.
This object is likely to contain arsenic, which was commonly used in taxidermy for skin preservation and as an insecticide from the early nineteenth century until around the 1980s. Other hazards may also be present.
Used to provide protection from draughts and the heat of fires, and/or for decoration, screens have been in use for centuries. In the Middle Ages they tended to be fixtures, whereas screens of many kinds were made after the Restoration. Those with uprights and a central panel became popular at this time, although the terms horse screen and cheval screen were not employed until later. Folding screens were also available, as were pole screens with tripod feet, but it was not until the first half of the eighteenth century that pole screens became common. Screen panels were often painted or decorated with needlework. In the early nineteenth century the traditional forms persisted while banner screens – which consisted of fabric suspended from a cross-bar on an upright pole - also became popular. Other nineteenth-century screen phenomena included horse screens featuring stuffed birds, such as CIRC.19-1961, a style foreshadowed by eighteenth-century feather-work screens.
Taxidermy
The earliest surviving examples of taxidermy (stuffing the skins of animals) date back to the sixteenth century. Early on taxidermy was displayed in ‘Cabinets of Curiosities’. Over time these collections developed into private and public museums used for study. It was during the nineteenth century that taxidermy, practiced professionally and by amateurs, became extremely lucrative and widespread, and that there was high demand for naturalistic and decorative taxidermy. As animals began to be illustrated in more active stances, surrounded by other wildlife, and as more sophisticated taxidermy techniques developed, taxidermists started to present their subjects less stiffly, often in groups and alongside items such as artificial leaves. The 1851 Great Exhibition featured many examples of realistic and artistic taxidermy, increasing the interest in such work. Decorative taxidermy was driven more by beauty that truth to nature, although here too vitality and abundance were often emphasised. Sometimes amusement was the aim: ‘comic’ or ‘grotesque’ scenes showing gaming squirrels, fencing rats and the like satirised humans. Taxidermy was not, however, universally loved. Various groups concerned about animal cruelty and extinction - such as Fur, Fin and Feather Folk (1889) and Plumage League (1889) which were absorbed into the Society for the Protection of Birds (1891, from 1904 the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) - formed in the nineteenth century. One of the RSPB’S major successes was the Importation of Plumage (Prohibition) Act, an act of United Kingdom legislation passed in 1921. In the latter half of the nineteenth century in particular birds were used extensively for domestic displays and fashion, especially colourful varieties such as hummingbirds and tanagers, collected from places including Central and South America and India. Realism tended to be eschewed: birds from different continents were regularly displayed together and the poses that birds were made to adopt were designed to show off their feathers rather than demonstrate avian anatomy.
Bird Screens
Stuffed birds were regularly displayed in glass domes referred to as 'shades' and used on hats. Bird screens were also popular from the latter half of the nineteenth century into the Edwardian period. They were typically positioned in front of an inactive fireplace during the summer or used to flank the fireplace and they came in two dominant forms. Horse firescreens featuring glass cabinets containing birds were very popular. The frames tended to be made from turned and carved wood which was sometimes gilded or from dowel or bamboo. Alternatively, a large bird such as a peacock or a heron could be displayed on a stand, its wings and tail dramatically splayed out behind the head and breast. Numerous examples of the former type of screens, including CIRC.19-1961, have survived, whereas screens displaying a lone unprotected bird are now very rare. Although the carving on the frame of CIRC.19-1961 is not particularly intricate, the fact that the birds have a range of different eyes indicates that the piece was good quality and expensive. Birds, like humans, have different coloured eyes, but this was not always reflected in taxidermy because it was costly to carry a wide range of eye options. The maker of this screen is unknown, as is often the case with decorative nineteenth-century taxidermy. Such pieces were often made in London, by companies including Ashmead.
This object is likely to contain arsenic, which was commonly used in taxidermy for skin preservation and as an insecticide from the early nineteenth century until around the 1980s. Other hazards may also be present.
Object details
Categories | |
Object type | |
Materials and techniques | Turned, carved and gilded wood, water gilding and oil gilding, the panel glazed and set with stuffed birds mounted on branches with artificial leaves and moss. In the nineteenth century it was recognised that decay and pest infestation would be less likley if birds were properly skinned and stripped of all meat and fat before they were stuffed. Arsenic was commonly used for skin preservation and as an insecticide in taxidermy from the early nineteenth century (until around the 1980s). |
Brief description | Horse firescreen, the uprights and crossbar turned, carved and gilded, the glass cabinet set with stuffed birds including hummingbirds, probably England, c. 1850-1860 |
Physical description | A horse or cheval firescreen on trestle supports. The uprights and crossbar - each one piece - have been turned, carved and gilded. The top ornament is a separate piece and is also gilded. Evidence of both water gilding and oil gilding can be found, in the form of red and yellow traces. The screen was probably water gilded originally then repaired with oil gilding in certain areas, probably in the nineteenth century. Some areas of the frame, including the leaves, may have previously been burnished. The glass cabinet is set with stuffed birds mounted on branches with artificial leaves and moss. The case contains numerous hummingbirds and a wide range of other birds, most of which are male Neotropical species. There are twenty hummingbirds and sixteen other birds of thirteen species. Some of the species represented are currently decreasing in population size. From left to right, top to bottom, the birds featured in the screen, other than the numerous hummingbirds, are: Parrotlet; Forpus (male) Common Waxbill; Estrilda astrild (probably female or juvenile) Golden-headed Manakin; Ceratopipra erthrpcephala (two males) Red-capped Manakin; Ceratopipra mentalis (male) Brazillian Tanager; Ramphocelus bresilius (male) Flame-rumped Tanager; Ramphocelus flammigerus iceronotus (male) Black-faced Dacnis; Dacnis lineata egregia (male) Brazillian Tanager; Ramphocelus bresilius (male) Red-headed Lovebird; Agapornis pullarius (one female, one male) Red-legged Honeycreeper; Cyanerpes cyaneus (male) Green Broadbill; Calyptomena viridis (male) Green Honeycreeper; Chlorophanes spiza (male) Wire-tailed Manakin; Pipra fillicauda (male) Spotted Tanager; Tangara punctata (probably male) We are very grateful to Mark Adams (Senior Curator, Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences) at the Natural History Museum, England for identifying the species in 2019. |
Dimensions |
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Credit line | Given by Miss Bainbridge |
Object history | Given by Miss Bainbridge. Hugh Wakefield, who was the Keeper of the Circulation Department between 1960 and 1976, described the screen as 'a fine piece of Victoriana' during the acquisition process. Registered Papers for acquisition: 60/3728. The screen appeared in V&A Exhibition 'Inventing New Britain: The Victorian Vision', which ran from April to July 2001. See papers 2000/385. Also see papers 1989/293, which relate to a long-term loan of V&A Furniture, Textiles & Fashion objects to Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council at Bramall Hall. |
Subject depicted | |
Summary | Screens Used to provide protection from draughts and the heat of fires, and/or for decoration, screens have been in use for centuries. In the Middle Ages they tended to be fixtures, whereas screens of many kinds were made after the Restoration. Those with uprights and a central panel became popular at this time, although the terms horse screen and cheval screen were not employed until later. Folding screens were also available, as were pole screens with tripod feet, but it was not until the first half of the eighteenth century that pole screens became common. Screen panels were often painted or decorated with needlework. In the early nineteenth century the traditional forms persisted while banner screens – which consisted of fabric suspended from a cross-bar on an upright pole - also became popular. Other nineteenth-century screen phenomena included horse screens featuring stuffed birds, such as CIRC.19-1961, a style foreshadowed by eighteenth-century feather-work screens. Taxidermy The earliest surviving examples of taxidermy (stuffing the skins of animals) date back to the sixteenth century. Early on taxidermy was displayed in ‘Cabinets of Curiosities’. Over time these collections developed into private and public museums used for study. It was during the nineteenth century that taxidermy, practiced professionally and by amateurs, became extremely lucrative and widespread, and that there was high demand for naturalistic and decorative taxidermy. As animals began to be illustrated in more active stances, surrounded by other wildlife, and as more sophisticated taxidermy techniques developed, taxidermists started to present their subjects less stiffly, often in groups and alongside items such as artificial leaves. The 1851 Great Exhibition featured many examples of realistic and artistic taxidermy, increasing the interest in such work. Decorative taxidermy was driven more by beauty that truth to nature, although here too vitality and abundance were often emphasised. Sometimes amusement was the aim: ‘comic’ or ‘grotesque’ scenes showing gaming squirrels, fencing rats and the like satirised humans. Taxidermy was not, however, universally loved. Various groups concerned about animal cruelty and extinction - such as Fur, Fin and Feather Folk (1889) and Plumage League (1889) which were absorbed into the Society for the Protection of Birds (1891, from 1904 the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) - formed in the nineteenth century. One of the RSPB’S major successes was the Importation of Plumage (Prohibition) Act, an act of United Kingdom legislation passed in 1921. In the latter half of the nineteenth century in particular birds were used extensively for domestic displays and fashion, especially colourful varieties such as hummingbirds and tanagers, collected from places including Central and South America and India. Realism tended to be eschewed: birds from different continents were regularly displayed together and the poses that birds were made to adopt were designed to show off their feathers rather than demonstrate avian anatomy. Bird Screens Stuffed birds were regularly displayed in glass domes referred to as 'shades' and used on hats. Bird screens were also popular from the latter half of the nineteenth century into the Edwardian period. They were typically positioned in front of an inactive fireplace during the summer or used to flank the fireplace and they came in two dominant forms. Horse firescreens featuring glass cabinets containing birds were very popular. The frames tended to be made from turned and carved wood which was sometimes gilded or from dowel or bamboo. Alternatively, a large bird such as a peacock or a heron could be displayed on a stand, its wings and tail dramatically splayed out behind the head and breast. Numerous examples of the former type of screens, including CIRC.19-1961, have survived, whereas screens displaying a lone unprotected bird are now very rare. Although the carving on the frame of CIRC.19-1961 is not particularly intricate, the fact that the birds have a range of different eyes indicates that the piece was good quality and expensive. Birds, like humans, have different coloured eyes, but this was not always reflected in taxidermy because it was costly to carry a wide range of eye options. The maker of this screen is unknown, as is often the case with decorative nineteenth-century taxidermy. Such pieces were often made in London, by companies including Ashmead. This object is likely to contain arsenic, which was commonly used in taxidermy for skin preservation and as an insecticide from the early nineteenth century until around the 1980s. Other hazards may also be present. |
Associated object | CIRC.19A-1961 (Case) |
Bibliographic references |
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Collection | |
Accession number | CIRC.19-1961 |
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Record created | August 23, 2001 |
Record URL |
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