Chair
1864-1866 (made)
| Artist/Maker | |
| Place of origin |
Papier mâché chair painted to simulate ivory with gilt decoration, upholstered in red with embroidered decoration. The oval back and square seat have upholstered embroidered pads. The reverse of the back is solid papier mâché decorated with a band of medallions, and the front seat rail is decorated in the same manner. The legs are decorated with scrolled foliage.
Object details
| Category | |
| Object type | |
| Materials and techniques | |
| Brief description | Papier mâché chair, English, 1864-1866, made by Bettridge & Co. |
| Physical description | Papier mâché chair painted to simulate ivory with gilt decoration, upholstered in red with embroidered decoration. The oval back and square seat have upholstered embroidered pads. The reverse of the back is solid papier mâché decorated with a band of medallions, and the front seat rail is decorated in the same manner. The legs are decorated with scrolled foliage. |
| Dimensions |
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| Marks and inscriptions | Brass label fixed to the underside of the back seat rail with two pins, stamped, 'BETTRIDGE & CO / MAKERS / BIRMINGHAM'
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| Object history | Bettridge and Co suceeded Jennens & Bettridge when they went out of business in 1864, but they in turn went out of business in 1866. |
| Bibliographic reference | The following excerpt is taken from Jones, Yvonne, Japanned Papier-Mâché and Tinware c. 1740-1940. Woodbridge, Antique Collectors' Club, 2012 (ISBN 978 1 85149 686 0), p.23-27:
‘Paper is believed to have been invented in China in the second century AD, and the Chinese art of making papier mâché objects is almost as ancient, but knowledge of paper-making spread only very slowly and it not reach Europe until the 12th century. Paper-mills were established in France in the late 15th century and soon after, French craftsmen began using paper pulp to make architectural ornaments, snuff boxes and other small articles. There were few paper mills in England until the late 17th century, so there was little pulp from which to make comparable articles, the paper imported from France being far too expensive to be pulped for the purpose.
By the 18th century, however, there were two quite distinct branches of paper mâché manufacture in England. One was allied to the making of paper hangings, and the other, to the japanning industry. Both branches took their lead from France and this, together with the name, has not only perpetuated the myth that papier mâché was French in origin, but also overshadowed its ancient eastern history.
Not only was the term papier mâché not recognised in 18th century French dictionaries, but the Journal de l’Agriculture du Commerce (1778) sourced it to England and to the first edition of Dossie’s book, The Handmaid to the Arts (1758). Its occurrence, much later in the French edition of the Paris Exhibition catalogue of 1855, may simply have been the result of the translation of texts supplied by English manufacturers. The term is, however, currently used in France today.
It has been suggested that the term derives from problems of communication between English employers and French émigré workers in the 17th century when papier mâché was probably taken to mean ‘mashed paper’ (or chewed paper)…. The crux was the cachet of a French sounding name and the penchant in some quarters if fashionable society in the late 18th century to look upon anything French as highly sophisticated.
…
Some of the advantages of papier mâché, gleaned from contemporary records, partly explain its attractions and may have been sufficient, at least until the mid-19th century, to outweigh what will be seen as its long and labour intensive production processes. Foremost was its suitability for japanning, which was much in vogue in the 18th century.
...
Furthermore, because it could be moulded into various forms, it required no joinery and was thus incredibly strong. As solid as wood, though less hard than most, it was said to blunt tools sooner, and although heavier in mass, its strength allowed it to be used in thin sections, rendering it perfect for small light objects….By the mid-19th century, it was found that it could be steam-moulded into any curve without fear of splitting. In short, it was considered superior to both wood and metal for being lighter, sounder, and admitting of a more beautiful finish’. |
| Collection | |
| Accession number | W.21-1971 |
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| Record created | June 24, 2009 |
| Record URL |
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