Pair of Hand Screens
1840-1860 (designed and made)
| Artist/Maker | |
| Place of origin |
Hand screens were used to shield the face from the warmth of the fire. Pairs of these screens were often part of a symmetrical arrangement of ornaments and other decorative objects on a mantelpiece. These examples are painted with views of Loch Lomond and Loch Fyne and were probably produced as souvenirs for tourists visiting Scotland. Hand screens, painted with landscapes, or views of medieval buildings in cities such as Oxford, were one of the many products of the papier-mâché manufacturers of the West Midlands. Firms like Jennens & Bettridge of Birmingham employed skilled artists to paint a range of smaller items, such as these hand screens, as well as larger wall panels which were used for interior decoration on ships.
Object details
| Categories | |
| Object type | |
| Parts | This object consists of 2 parts.
|
| Materials and techniques | papier-mâché, japanned, painted, turned and gilded |
| Brief description | Pair of papier mâché hand screens, painted with views of Loch Lomond and Loch Fyne, the handles turned and gilded; British, 1840-1860 |
| Physical description | Pair of papier mâché hand screens, painted with views of Loch Lomond and Loch Fyne, the handles turned and gilded. |
| Dimensions |
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| Style | |
| Credit line | Given by Mr M. L. Horn |
| Subject depicted | |
| Places depicted | |
| Summary | Hand screens were used to shield the face from the warmth of the fire. Pairs of these screens were often part of a symmetrical arrangement of ornaments and other decorative objects on a mantelpiece. These examples are painted with views of Loch Lomond and Loch Fyne and were probably produced as souvenirs for tourists visiting Scotland. Hand screens, painted with landscapes, or views of medieval buildings in cities such as Oxford, were one of the many products of the papier-mâché manufacturers of the West Midlands. Firms like Jennens & Bettridge of Birmingham employed skilled artists to paint a range of smaller items, such as these hand screens, as well as larger wall panels which were used for interior decoration on ships. |
| Bibliographic reference | The following excerpt is taken from Jones, Yvonne, Japanned Papier-Mâché and Tinware c. 1740-1940. Woodbridge, Antique Collectors' Club, 2012 (ISBN 978 1 85149 686 0), p.23-27:
‘Paper is believed to have been invented in China in the second century AD, and the Chinese art of making papier mâché objects is almost as ancient, but knowledge of paper-making spread only very slowly and it not reach Europe until the 12th century. Paper-mills were established in France in the late 15th century and soon after, French craftsmen began using paper pulp to make architectural ornaments, snuff boxes and other small articles. There were few paper mills in England until the late 17th century, so there was little pulp from which to make comparable articles, the paper imported from France being far too expensive to be pulped for the purpose.
By the 18th century, however, there were two quite distinct branches of paper mâché manufacture in England. One was allied to the making of paper hangings, and the other, to the japanning industry. Both branches took their lead from France and this, together with the name, has not only perpetuated the myth that papier mâché was French in origin, but also overshadowed its ancient eastern history.
Not only was the term papier mâché not recognised in 18th century French dictionaries, but the Journal de l’Agriculture du Commerce (1778) sourced it to England and to the first edition of Dossie’s book, The Handmaid to the Arts (1758). Its occurrence, much later in the French edition of the Paris Exhibition catalogue of 1855, may simply have been the result of the translation of texts supplied by English manufacturers. The term is, however, currently used in France today.
It has been suggested that the term derives from problems of communication between English employers and French émigré workers in the 17th century when papier mâché was probably taken to mean ‘mashed paper’ (or chewed paper)…. The crux was the cachet of a French sounding name and the penchant in some quarters if fashionable society in the late 18th century to look upon anything French as highly sophisticated.
…
Some of the advantages of papier mâché, gleaned from contemporary records, partly explain its attractions and may have been sufficient, at least until the mid-19th century, to outweigh what will be seen as its long and labour intensive production processes. Foremost was its suitability for japanning, which was much in vogue in the 18th century.
...
Furthermore, because it could be moulded into various forms, it required no joinery and was thus incredibly strong. As solid as wood, though less hard than most, it was said to blunt tools sooner, and although heavier in mass, its strength allowed it to be used in thin sections, rendering it perfect for small light objects….By the mid-19th century, it was found that it could be steam-moulded into any curve without fear of splitting. In short, it was considered superior to both wood and metal for being lighter, sounder, and admitting of a more beautiful finish’. |
| Collection | |
| Accession number | W.9&A-1929 |
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| Record created | June 24, 2009 |
| Record URL |
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