Guide sheet for tinplate Greenline bus toy, Self-Opening Tin Box Company for Wells-Brimtoy, Barking, Essex, 1950s

Rectangular tinplate sheet printed with a repeating design of single-decker bus. There are eight buses in total, each being a net to form a tinplate toy. Along one edge are eight bus-rears, which would attach to the folded main bodies of the others. The designs are printed in green with yellow, black and grey detailing, representing destination signs and windows.

Given by Stephen Enever

This printers' guide sheet was used at the Self-Opening Tin Box Company's factory in Barking, Essex to make tinplate sheets which were sent to Wells-Brimtoy's factory in Walthamstow to be made into toys.

The donor obtained both sheets (B.53 and 54-2022) directly from their place of making in 1980, by which time the Self-Opening Tin Box Company's factory (then known as Nacanco Plant 3) print shop was closing. At the time, the donor was manager of the factory's print department.

Toy manufacturing tends to closely follow social and technological developments. Tinplate is a sheet of mild steel plated with tin. Tinplate toys are, generally speaking, made from one or several sheets of tinplate, pressed and bent into shape and fastened with integral tabs. The first tinplate toys resulted from the introduction of metal stamping machines in 1815, which allowed for mass production of cheap, light and durable metal toys. The introduction of offset lithography into the process from the late-1880s, to print as opposed to painting designs onto the tinplate, further sped up and economised the manufacturing process.

Tinplate toys enjoyed several periods of popularity during the 20th century. The easy availability of raw materials allowed production to first begin in the United States. However, at the beginning of the century, German companies such as Lehmann dominated the market. Anti-German sentiments meant that American companies gained ground during and after the First World War, with the world’s largest and most successful firm from the 1920s-1960s being New York-based Louis Marx and Company.

Most tinplate production was suspended during the Second World War, with those resources redirected to the war effort. After the war, toymaking formed a part of industrial recovery in the defeated Axis powers, with Japan in particular developing a strong reputation for tinplate. This was due in part to wartime developments in printing processes, allowing for better detail, and also because of the excellence of Japanese engineers in miniaturising motors and components, imbibing toys with a wide range of potential movements.

In Britain, toy production similarly boomed during the 20th century, broadly until the 1960s when many European and North American manufacturers found themselves faced with rising costs and competition from Far Eastern industrial centres, such as Hong Kong and China. In terms of tinplate, Walthamstow-based Wells and Wales-based Mettoy led the field in the UK.

Wells was founded in 1919 by Alfred Wells, who aimed to take advantage of the loss of German companies’ dominance. In 1932, they merged with Brimtoy (British Metal and Toy Manufacturers) – another manufacturer of cheap tinplate toys – who had been caught out by the economic strains of the Great Depression. The newly merged company moved to a new factory in Walthamstow the same year. The company traded until about 1965 using a number of trademarks – Wells, Wells-Brimtoy, Brimtoy, Weslotoys, A.J. Wells, Pocketoy – which make their products notoriously hard to identify and date, especially as they regularly left their marks off of their cheaper models.

The Self-Opening Tin Box Company, Ltd. was founded by George Featherstone Griffin (1825-1902), who had turned to manufacture of metal containers following his success with designing an all-metal railway track. His 1880 patent for a type of metal box or can that could be opened without use of tools was the basis for the formation of the company. Originally based in central London, the factory moved to Barking, Essex in 1910. The company made a variety of items, including confectionary tins, ammunition boxes and toys. They were purchased in 1967 by the National Can Corporation of America (aka Nacanco Ltd.), and by 1980 they were the second largest manufacturer of cans in the UK.

This object is a working pass sheet for creating tinplate toys. As they were made and used several decades before the pantone ink system, the colours for the designs on this type of toy were mixed and matched using the printer's own skill and judgement. The irregular dabs of colour on the surface of the sheet show where the printer was testng and comparing the mixed colours they had mixed with the final required shades.

B.53-2022