Polaris, officially named the British Naval Ballistic Missile System, was established in 1962 as a submarine-based nuclear weapons system placing American missiles off the coast of Scotland to be operated by the Royal Navy. There was considerable activism against this plan by anti-nuclear groups from the beginning. One of the most prominent was the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), founded in 1957, who remain at the forefront of advocacy for unilateral nuclear disarmament. Challenging Polaris was one of their largest early campaigns but the weapons system remained in place until 1992. It was replaced by Trident, another US missile system which could be fired from longer-range, making bases in the UK less necessary. One of CND's current (2021) campaigns is 'No to Trident' using the same tactics to highlight government expenditure on weapons of mass destruction over social needs 'at a cost of at least £205 billion. This money should be spent on jobs, homes, education and health; improving the lives of the British people without threatening the lives of others.'