Photograph of Hampi (Vijayanagara), India, by students of the School of Industrial Arts, Madras, gelatin silver print, 1860s.

This photograph shows a close-up view of carved stone pillars in an open-pillared hall. The two square-sided pillars in focus have detailed bands of friezes showing various architectural facades. To the left, a raised platform and pillars are visible.

The V&A holds 16+? prints of Vijayanagara photographed by students of the School of Industrial Arts, Madras. This print was presented to the V&A on June 28th 1906 by Robert Taylor for F. Coston Taylor and is held in the Asian Dept.

The Photograph Register No.1905-1907 held in the V&A's PDP dept lists this photograph as "Presented by Robert Taylor, Esq. for F.Coston Taylor June 28th 1906".

The glass negative, along with a probably earlier print No.71:891 held by the V&A, were both made in the late 1860s, however this duplicate print was probably made at a later date prior to 1906. The glass negative is not known and the two V&A prints of this photograph are the only known prints.

This photograph was initially part of the photographic collection held in the National Art Library at the V&A. The markings on the mount are an indication of the history of the object, its movement through the museum and the way it is categorised.

Mount inscriptions -

The photograph is top mounted on grey board and shows the original 1906 handwritten inscriptions:
Top left corner: 'ARCHITECTURE, India'
Top centre: 'IIbd'
Top right corner: 'C'
Bottom left corner: 'Hampi (Vijayanagar): Temple./ Kalyana Mandapa.'
Bottom right corner: '2734-1906.'
Verso: [handwritten] '2734-06'

Historical significance: The Vijayanagara empire ruled southern India from 1336 -1565. As India’s last large state system prior to the British colonial takeover, it has been perceived as the final great era of 'traditional' Hindu India and also as a transitional phase which transformed Indian society from its medieval past towards its modern, colonial era. The empire built its imperial capital, Vijayanagara ('city of victory'), around the ancient religious centre of the Virupaksha temple on the south bank of the Tungabhadra River at Hampi, Bellary District, Northern Karnataka. Three dynasties ruled from Vijayanagara: the Sangama (1336-1485), the Saluva (1485-1505) and the Tuluva (1505-1565). By the year 1500,Vijayanagara was the second most populous city (after Beijing) in the late medieval world. The Vijayanagara rulers fostered developments in intellectual pursuits and the arts, warfare, engineeering and agriculture, and were also great patrons of religion.

The ruins at Hampi represent the largest concentration of Vijayanagara architecture and are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, known as 'the Group of Monuments at Hampi'. Vijayanagara architecture consists of religious, courtly and civic buildings and sculpture. Granite, the local and durable stone, was used with plaster applied to many sculptures to produce a smooth finish which was then gilded or colourfully painted. Its sacred architecture is characterised by a return to a more serene art of the past, taking elements from the Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya and Chola periods, while its secular architecture fuses together Hindu and Islamic forms producing a new, hybrid style.


Photographic significance (the photography as subject) –

For an earlier duplicate photograph, see 71:891.

The photograph is siginificant as a visual record of structures within the Vitthala temple complex at that time and as an example of photography at that time. Taken in the late 1860s when photography was considered both an art form and a tool of documentation, the School of Industrial Arts' photographs present elegantly cropped compositions and technically proficient images of sculpture at Vijayanagara. Unlike the more usual picturesque treatment of the architectural photography at Hampi at that time, these photographs appear more modern in their closely cropped compositions which often emphasise strong verticals and dynamic use of natural light.

Since then, many of the sculptures have altered in appearance due to further disintegration, banditry, conservation, tourism and development, and some have been moved or disappeared altogether.

As one of the first schools in Asia to offer the subject, the School of Industrial Arts, Madras, introduced photography as a subject in 1855. The school's principal, Dr. A. Hunter, encouraged students to record ethnographic practices and to document monuments. These photographs were taken by students in the late 1860s.

This photograph shows the kalyana mandapa, Vitthala temple complex, Hampi (Vijayanagara).

Vijayanagara, meaning ‘city of victory’ was the imperial capital of the last great Hindu empire to rule south India. Established in 1336 and named after its capital, the Vijayanagara empire expanded and prospered throughout the next century. In 1565, this impressive city was sacked by armies from the Deccan sultanates and never rebuilt. Now known as the ‘Group of Monuments at Hampi’, the site represents the empire’s finest and highest concentration of architecture. Classified into religious, courtly and military buildings, its pillared audience halls and towering gateways are its stylistic hallmarks. Many secular buildings bear Islamic features, displaying the city’s cosmopolitan inception. Some of its religious complexes remain in use today.


This group of photographs was taken at the site and printed by students of the School of Industrial Arts,Madras in 1863-4. The glass negatives are not known. These are the earliest known prints.

PH.2734-1906