Not on display

Spoon

ca. 1876 (made)
Artist/Maker
Place of origin

This silver spoon is decorated in a style done in South India in the 19th century known as "Swami" work. It was particularly associated with the decoration of jewellery made for Europeans, but was also used for silver plate, again for the European market. "Swami" is an anglicised Sanskrit adjective, correctly rendered"svami" for a male and "svamini" for a female, used to denote a god, goddess, lord, master, husband, distinguished person, or a lover. The term was employed by western writers in the 19th century to denote the essential characteristics of South Indian architecture, but was subsequently adopted by Indo-British manufacturers of jewellery and plate. The leading manufacturer was the firm of P. Orr and Sons of Madras, whose catalogue of c. 1876 describes the style as being "peculiar to South India, and represents in alto-relievo or embossed style, distinct designs or figures of Heathen deities or "Swamies" of the Hindu Pantheon". The catalogue, undated but produced shortly after the visit of the Prince of Wales to India in 1876, notes that the firm kept a large stock of Swami Jewellery and also of Silver Tea and Dessert services, Spoons, etc, and can generally despatch orders by return post, but for particular patterns, a delay of a few days may unavoidably occur." The catalogue illustrated general sizes and shapes, and noted that particular deities or decorative elements could be combined to order. Similar examples to this spoon are illustrated on p. 21, no. 320, thus identifying it as a fruit spoon. The catalogue notes that they were produced in sets of two, four and six in a morocco case.

The jewellery expert Oppi Untracht identified the source of the designs used by the manufacturers of "Swami" work as almost certainly being Edward Moor's Hindu Pantheon. This was first published in London in 1810 with 105 engraved plates depicting hundreds of Hindu deities, which were issued in their own separate volume in 1861, subsequently revised in an edition of 1864.

Object details

Categories
Object type
Materials and techniques
Silver, cast and chased
Brief description
Cast and chased silver spoon, made by P. Orr & Sons, Madras, ca. 1876
Physical description
The cast silver spoon has a deep oval bowl incised with the image of a female deity within an oval cartouche, framed by a border of geometric motifs enclosed by double lines. On the back, the bowl is decorated by an incised scrolling line bearing leaves, again within double lines. The openwork stem is in the form of two intertwining stems banded at intervals by tree motifs, and is terminated by the figure of a fish-tailed deity identified on the pedestal on which he stands as "Mutcha" in capital letters.
Dimensions
  • Height: 21.4cm
  • Width: 5.2cm
Marks and inscriptions
'ORR' (Pseudo-hallmark of P. Orr and Sons of Madras, stamped on the back of the bowl beneath the join with the stem.)
Credit line
Given by Steven Cohen
Object history
The spoon is in the style known as "Swami" work, used to decorate plate and jewellery produced notably by the firm of P. Orr and Sons in Madras, and inspired by the deities ("swamies", in the firm's Victorian nomenclature) of Southern India. The firm was established in Madras in 1849. Spoons of closely similar form are illustrated in their undated catalogue produced shortly after the tour of the Prince of Wales to India in 1876 (Page 21: the bowl identifies the V&A example as a fruit spoon, no. 370). The catalogue mentions that all elements of their designs can be adapted or combined in various ways according to particular orders.
Subjects depicted
Summary
This silver spoon is decorated in a style done in South India in the 19th century known as "Swami" work. It was particularly associated with the decoration of jewellery made for Europeans, but was also used for silver plate, again for the European market. "Swami" is an anglicised Sanskrit adjective, correctly rendered"svami" for a male and "svamini" for a female, used to denote a god, goddess, lord, master, husband, distinguished person, or a lover. The term was employed by western writers in the 19th century to denote the essential characteristics of South Indian architecture, but was subsequently adopted by Indo-British manufacturers of jewellery and plate. The leading manufacturer was the firm of P. Orr and Sons of Madras, whose catalogue of c. 1876 describes the style as being "peculiar to South India, and represents in alto-relievo or embossed style, distinct designs or figures of Heathen deities or "Swamies" of the Hindu Pantheon". The catalogue, undated but produced shortly after the visit of the Prince of Wales to India in 1876, notes that the firm kept a large stock of Swami Jewellery and also of Silver Tea and Dessert services, Spoons, etc, and can generally despatch orders by return post, but for particular patterns, a delay of a few days may unavoidably occur." The catalogue illustrated general sizes and shapes, and noted that particular deities or decorative elements could be combined to order. Similar examples to this spoon are illustrated on p. 21, no. 320, thus identifying it as a fruit spoon. The catalogue notes that they were produced in sets of two, four and six in a morocco case.

The jewellery expert Oppi Untracht identified the source of the designs used by the manufacturers of "Swami" work as almost certainly being Edward Moor's Hindu Pantheon. This was first published in London in 1810 with 105 engraved plates depicting hundreds of Hindu deities, which were issued in their own separate volume in 1861, subsequently revised in an edition of 1864.
Associated object
Bibliographic references
  • Oppi Untracht, "Swami Jewellery: Cross-Cultural Ornaments" in Susan Stronge, ed., The Jewels of India, Marg Publications, Bombay 1995, pp. 117-132
  • cf. Wynyard R.T. Wilkinson, Indian Silver 1858-1947. Silver from the Indian sub-continent and Burma during ninety years of British rule, Wynyard R. T. Wilkinson, London, 1999, fig. 254.
Collection
Accession number
IS.49-2004

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Record createdSeptember 14, 2005
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