Bed carved, japanned and gilded in the Chinese style by Linnell, English, about 1754

Bed in the Chinese style, with slender carved posts and a fretted backboard holding up an elaborate tester in the shape of a pagoda surmounted by gilded dragons. One wing of the dragon on the front right as you look at the bed has been replaced by the museum.

Commissioned by the 4th Duke and Duchess of Beaufort for the Chinese bedroom at Badminton House, South Gloucestershire. Probably designed and supplied by the workshops of William and John Linnell, Berkeley Square, London. This was one of the earliest 'bedroom suites', with other items of furniture made to match. The V&A also holds a cabinet from the set (W.55-1952) and two armchairs (W.33 and W.34-1990).

The commission came at a time of fashionable interest in Chinese styles. The year before the bed was commissioned, in 1754, an engraving was published showing 'A View of the Mandarine Yacht and Belvedere Belonging to His Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland at Windsor'. The 'Mandarine Yacht' had a pleasure pavilion on it with a striped roof, turning up at the corners, the sides with pierced and trellised panels, and the deck of the yacht had rails trellised in Chinese style. The hull of the yacht, above the water, was painted with a dragon. It sailed on the Duke's lake at Belvedere, Windsor. Earlier essays in the Chinese style had included the 'House of Confucius', built 1731-1735 at Kew for the Prince of Wales, by William Kent. In 1733-1739 Kent had built a Chinoiserie pavilion at Esher, Surrey. Both may have been influenced by the work of the German architect Fischer von Erlach (see Susan Weber and Julius Bryant, eds. William Kent: Designing Georgian Britain (London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), pp. 20, 365 and 405).
There are similarities between the bed and a drawing for a Chinese pavilion at Wallington, Northumberland, dated 1752. The pavilion was described in a letter to the Duchess of Northumberland from a Mr Poynings and the drawing is illustrated in Victoria Percy and Gervase Jackson Stops. '"A Jovial Heap of Contradictions". The travel journals of the 1st Duchess of Northumberland', Country Life, 31 January 1974, pp. ., illustrated as fig.3, on p. 19. The interest in Chinese pavilions had been current since the end of the 17th century. Joh Hardy pointed out in the 1970s that a Beauvais tapestry, 'La Collation', from the series 'L'Histoire de l'Empereur de Chine'. after cartoons by Guy-Louis Vernans (1648-1729), Jean-Baptiste Monnoyer (1636-1699) amd Jean-Baptiste Belin de Fontenay (1653-1715) shows a draped pavilion, with tiled roof, lambrequins and dragons (dracos) at the corners of the roof. One weaving of the tapestry, dated 1697-1705, is in the collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles (inv. no. 88.DD.336).

Offered for sale at Christie's, 30 June 1921, lot 76, but bought in. It was subsequently bought by Moss Harris & Sons and offered to the Museum for £400 (Nominal File: MA/1/H857).

This bed came into the collection at a time when there was considerable interest in Chinoiserie decoration. In 1920 the well-known designer and furniture historian Percy Macquoid had designed a suite of bedroom furniture in lacquer for the manufacturer, Sir Arthur Crossfield's house, Witanhurst, 41 Highgate West Hill. The decorating firm of White Allom & Co. were commissioned to decorate and furnish the house and Macquoid made designs for them. The following year the V&A acquired another bed in Chinoiserie taste (W.451-1922), but the origins of that bed are so far unknown.

Museum negative 74591 shows this on display in Gallery 40 in 1936 as part of a display of Georgian furniture.

A pair of giltwood dragons, similar to those used as finials on the bed and probably made for the Chinese Pavilion at Woburn, Bedfordshire, were discussed by Sharon Goodman in 'A Tale of Two Dragons', Furniture History, vol. LV, pp. 101-118. Those dragons are there attributed to William Linell. One of the V&A dragons is illustrated as fig. 4. Fig. 3 in this article illustrates a design for a girandole by John Linnell with a finial in the form of a dragon (V&A, E.212-1929).

Object Type
The outlandish form of this bed was inspired by Chinese pagodas. The design and the pierced fretwork back are similar to garden tea pavilions built in the Chinese style and found in large gardens throughout Britain and Europe from abouat 1730. Chinese decoration was particularly popular for ladies' bedrooms and dressing rooms.

People
Although the payments for the bed and other bedroom furniture were made jointly by the 4th Duke and Duchess of Beaufort, evidence in the Duchess's private notebooks shows that she was particularly interested in this commission and probably discussed the details with the designer and craftsman John Linnell and his father William Linnell.

Ownership & Use
The bed hangings had been replaced with scarlet woollen hangings by 1835, although the bedding still included the original 18th century hair mattress which was acquired with the bed by the Museum in 1921. In addition there was a feather bed, three blankets, a wool mattress, a straw paliasse (another form of mattress) and a Marsella quilt. In 1929 a replica of the bed was made for the Chinese Bedroom at Badminton House by Angell of Bath.

W.143:1 to 26-1921