This fragmentary textile is of embroidered patterned gauze and plain woven silk. It was recovered from Cave 17 of the Mogao Grottoes. This shrine site is one of China's great Buddhist pilgrimage complexes and is situated near the oasis town of Dunhuang.
The site is also part of an area of Central Asia we now call the Silk Road, a series of overland trade routes that crossed Asia from China to Europe. The most notable item traded was silk. Camels and horses were used as pack animals and merchants passed the goods from oasis to oasis. The Silk Road was also important for the exchange of ideas. Whilst silk textiles travelled west from China, Buddhism entered China from India in this way.
This textile was brought back from Central Asia by the explorer and archaeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein (1862-1943). The V&A has around 650 ancient and medieval textiles recovered from the Silk Road by Stein at the beginning of the 20th century. Some are silk while others are made from the wool of a variety of different animals.
Physical description
Remains (three pieces) of an embroidered silk panel set in plain woven silk border of fawn colour. Red silk patterned gauze woven in lozenge diaper, now disintegrated, embroidered with leaves, flowers and clouds in red, pink, blue, green, white and purple and backed with red plain woven silk. A section of the embroidered gauze is separated from bordered piece and a part of the border has also become separated.
Weave structures:
1. Gauze with lozenge pattern: Warp: silk, single, red, 64 warps/cm; Weft: silk, single, red, 24 wefts/cm. Weave structure: 2-end complex gauze for pattern on 4-end complex gauze for foundation
2. Silk in plain weave: Warp: silk, single, red, 55 warps/cm; Weft: silk, single, red, 41 wefts/cm. Weave structure: 1/1 plain weave
3. Silk in plain weave: Warp: silk, single, green, 59 warps/cm; Weft: silk, single, green, 24 wefts/cm. Weave structure: 1/1 plain weave
Place of Origin
Dunhuang, China (discovered)
Date
9th century (made)
Artist/maker
Unknown (production)
Materials and Techniques
Plain woven silk and patterned gauze
Dimensions
Length: 97 cm largest piece, Width: 59 cm largest piece
Object history note
Stein number written in ink on border possibly in Stein's handwriting or that of his assistant, Miss F M G Lorimer.
Historical context note
Dunhuang is at the eastern end of the southern Silk Road, in present-day Gansu Province. It lies between the western reaches of China and the Tarim Basin. When China began to expand into Central Asia during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), Dunhuang served as a base for military operations and trade. In the succeeding centuries, Buddhist shrines were established southeast of Dunhuang in a series of man-made caves called Qianfodong, "Caves of the Thousand Buddhas" (today also known as the Mogao Grottoes). Here spectacular cave temples were cut out of the cliffs, beginning in the fourth century AD. Over a period of several centuries, communities of Buddhist monks filled the caves with splendid sculpture and wall paintings. These included colossal Buddha statues, painted clay sculptures of deities, elaborate murals of Buddhist legends, and thousands of tiny painted Buddha images; all of which gave the site its name, Qianfodong. Buddhist cave temples had first been established in at Bamiyan (Afghanistan) and Gandhara (formerly in India, now Pakistan). At Qianfodong, Stein found paintings of graceful figures in the Gandharan style among landscapes and buildings that were distinctly Chinese; a fusion of Indian and Chinese art, which he had noted elsewhere along the Silk Road.
In 1900, a Daoist monk named Wang Yuanlu discovered a secret cave at Qianfodung, which contained thousands of documents and paintings. Stein purchased a significant amount of this material from Wang during his visit to the Dunhuang in 1907. Among the many religious works were Buddhist, Jewish, Nestorian, Daoist and Confucian texts; all of which dated from approximately 400 to 1000 A.D. Numerous languages were represented as well, including Chinese, Sanskrit, Tibetan and Hebrew. Stein also acquired many textile pieces. Most of these were silk, for Dunhuang lay on the main trade route between silk-growing regions of China and Central Asia. Elaborate embroideries depicted Buddhist legends and processions of donors. Patterned silks included Chinese and Sassanian (Persian) designs. From China came floral and geometric patterns, combined with figures of animals and birds. Sassanian motifs included pairs of confronted ducks, lions, and other beasts, combined with medallions and quatrefoils. Stein also found undecorated silks used as processional banners and valances for decorating bases of statues. The cave was sealed soon after 1000 A.D., apparently to protect the contents from invading armies. The V&A holds, on loan, a large number of textiles from Dunhuang, including plain and pattern woven silks in many colours, painted Buddhist banners and canopies, and wrappers for Buddhist texts.
Descriptive line
Panel of embroidered patterned gauze and plain woven silk
Bibliographic References (Citation, Note/Abstract, NAL no)
O'Neale, Lila.M., and Durrell, Dorothy F., 'An Analysis of the Central Asian Silks excavated by Sir Aurel Stein', reprinted from Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Autumn 1945 Albuquerque, MX: University of New Mexico Press, 1945, pp392-446
Stein, Aurel, Serindia: Detailed Report of Exploration in Central Asia and Westernmost China Carried Out and Described Under the Orders of H.M Indian Government , 5 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921), II, p. 955.
Zhao Feng, ed. Textiles from Dunhuang in UK Collections. Shanghai: Donghua University Press, 2007. pp. 275.
Associated names
Stein, Marc Aurel (Sir)
Production Note
Found in Cave 17 of the Mogao Grottoes (Caves of the Thousand Buddhas).
Materials
Silk
Techniques
Embroidering; Plain weave; Gauze weave
Subjects depicted
Floral patterns; Clouds
Categories
Archaeology; Textiles
Collection code
EAS
