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Image of Gallery in South Kensington
On display at V&A South Kensington
Europe 1600-1815, Room 3

King Vulture

Sculpture
ca. 1731 (made)
Artist/Maker
Place of origin

This extraordinary sculpture of a vulture is from the porcelain menagerie commissioned by Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, for the 'Japanese Palace' in Dresden. This commission is one of the great landmarks in ceramic history. Nearly 600 life-size animals were planned, and at least 458 were made. Work began in 1730, only 20 years after Meissen had become the first European factory to make porcelain in the Chinese manner.

Augustus had specified that the animals should have their natural colours. Normally, this would be achieved by the use of enamels. However, the factory technicians thought it too risky to subject the largest models to the heat of an enamel firing. Instead they partly painted them in bright, unfired pigments. Such colours rarely survive, as they fade over time and have often been completely removed.

This King Vulture model exists in three different versions: some crouching, some with head down, and some standing upright. These variations were introduced by the 'repairer' (the skilled craftsman who assembled the separately moulded parts of the model prior to firing), probably in the interest of variety.

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read Meissen's King Vulture This extraordinary porcelain King Vulture was made for one of the wealthiest monarchs and important patrons of the arts of his time – Augustus the Strong (1670 – 1733), Elector of Saxony and King of Poland.

Object details

Categories
Object type
TitleKing Vulture (generic title)
Materials and techniques
Hard-paste porcelain, painted in unfired colours
Brief description
Sculpture, hard-paste porcelain, painted in unfired colours, of a King Vulture, made at the Meissen porcelain factory, Germany, ca.1731
Physical description
Sculpture, hard-paste porcelain, painted in unfired colours, of a King Vulture. The vulture is positioned crouching on an oak tree stump, with head turned slightly to one side. Much of the original colouring has now discoloured, and only traces of the original bright red remain on the head.
Dimensions
  • Approximately height: 57.5cm
  • Approximate width of base width: 23cm
Weight approximately 16 Kg
Marks and inscriptions
'X' (the base bears the 'X' mark of the 'former' (factory craftsman) Andreas Shiefer.)
Gallery label
King Vulture About 1731 This vulture was part of a porcelain menagerie in one of the Dresden palaces of Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland. It is one of nearly 600 life-size animal sculptures he commissioned in 1730. Firing porcelain of this size was very hazardous, and many of the surviving animals have prominent firing cracks. To avoid further damage, some, like this one, were painted in colours that did not require high temperatures to fix them. Germany (Dresden) Made at the Meissen factory Modelled by Johann Joachim Kändler Porcelain, partly painted in unfired pigments Purchased with the assistance of the Heritage Lottery Fund, the Art Fund, and the Friends of the V&A Family label for Europe 1600-1815: This vulture was made for Augustus the Strong, King of Poland. He loved porcelain so much that he once swapped 600 soldiers and horses for 151 Chinese vases. He had hundreds of life-size porcelain animals like this vulture made for his palace. If you had a palace, what would you fill the rooms with?(09/12/2015)
Credit line
Purchased with the support of the National Lottery Heritage Fund, Art Fund, and the Friends of the V&A
Object history
Provenance. From the porcelain menagerie commissioned for the 'Japanese Palace', Dresden, by Augustus the Strong (1694/7-1733), Elector of Saxony and King of Poland.
By repute given by a member of the Baring family to John Alexander, 4th Marquess of Bath (1831-1896), Longleat, and thence by descent (recorded in inventories of Longleat in 1869 as 'A white Dresden vulture', and in 1896 as '21 in. white porcelain vulture on a stump'). Sold Christies, London, 13 June 2002, lot 353.
Production
From the porcelain menagerie commissioned for the 'Japanese Palace', Dresden, by Augustus the Strong (1694/7-1733), Elector of Saxony and King of Poland.
Probably modelled by Johann Joachim Kaendler (1706-1776), possibly in collaboration with Johann Gottlieb Kirchner (born 1706); painted in unfired pigments by the Dresden court lacquerer Christian Reinow; the base bears the 'X' mark of the 'former' (factory craftsman) Andreas Shiefer.
Subjects depicted
Association
Summary
This extraordinary sculpture of a vulture is from the porcelain menagerie commissioned by Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, for the 'Japanese Palace' in Dresden. This commission is one of the great landmarks in ceramic history. Nearly 600 life-size animals were planned, and at least 458 were made. Work began in 1730, only 20 years after Meissen had become the first European factory to make porcelain in the Chinese manner.

Augustus had specified that the animals should have their natural colours. Normally, this would be achieved by the use of enamels. However, the factory technicians thought it too risky to subject the largest models to the heat of an enamel firing. Instead they partly painted them in bright, unfired pigments. Such colours rarely survive, as they fade over time and have often been completely removed.

This King Vulture model exists in three different versions: some crouching, some with head down, and some standing upright. These variations were introduced by the 'repairer' (the skilled craftsman who assembled the separately moulded parts of the model prior to firing), probably in the interest of variety.
Bibliographic reference
Samuel Wittwer, The Gallery of Meissen Animals: Augustus the Strong's Menagerie for the Japanese Palace in Dresden (2006), passim and pp. 357-358.
Collection
Accession number
C.11-2003

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Record createdJuly 23, 2003
Record URL
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