Lower section of a stand from a torchère, oak veneers with ebonised and gilt decoration, cut-glass and silvered metal light fitting; English; designed and made by George Bullock 1815-8

Upper section of stand from a torchère, oak veneers with ebonised and gilt decoration, English, designed and made by George Bullock, 1815-1818

Gilded dish for a torchère, English, designed and made by George Bullock, 1815-1818

Light fitting for a torchère, cut-glass and silvered metal, English, designed and made by George Bullock, 1815-1818

One of a pair

Design
A tall, turned candelabrum veneered with pollard oak, articulated with gilt and ebonized moulded and carved ornament, and supporting a four-branch light fitting of silvered metal with cut-glass lustres. The main architectural elements are demarcated by gilt ornament: above the plinth a band of inverted lotus leaf, and at the top of the dado, bands of Greek fret and flower-filled guilloche. The transition from the base to the conical shaft is marked by large spreading inverted lotus leaves, a band of ribbon-twined flower-heads, and a cavetto collar; while the shaft above is sheathed with erect lotus leaves and palmettes. The shaft is capped by highly stylized lotus leaves, between tiers of mouldings above and below, the bottom and top ones ebonized rather than gilt. Finally, the underside of the 'dish' that supports the light fitting is decorated with acanthus and stylized bellflowers. The light fitting consists of a central silvered dish with a rim of numerous suspended glass drops, with four silvered branches each supporting a glass sconce and a circle of ten glass drops.

Decoration
Most of the gilt ornament is made of composition, pressed in a mould; only a small section at the top of the shaft is of turned and carved, gilt and ebonized wood. It is lapped over the pollard oak veneer, which was therefore clearly applied first. The veneer is in large, vertically joined sections: a single piece on the tapering shaft, four equal sections on the dado, and six unequal sections on the plinth; here the bottom edge has been carefully bevelled, to minimize the risk of tearing when scraped along the floor.

Construction
The candelabrum is constructed in four separable parts: a columnar base (plinth and dado), a conical shaft above this; a further gilded 'dish' that sits level with the glass lustres; and the silvered metal light fitting with lustres attached. The base and the shaft - apart from the very top, gilded and ebonized, part of the shaft - are constructed entirely of vertically-grained softwood, in concentric keystone-shaped segments, glued together and reinforced on the inside with vertically-grained softwood glue blocks at each joint. The columnar base (up to and including the gilt guilloche) is made from fourteen concentric segments, glued together, each joint being reinforced inside (in the hollow core) with between seven and nine glue-blocks. In the wide plinth the blocks are in two layers, which must have been blocked together before being cut out in segmental form, as the radial joints are exactly aligned with each other across the two layers. The dado is formed only of the inner layer of segmental blocks, which extends the full height of this columnar part. On the inside the original glue has dribbled down, showing which side the column was laid on to dry after being glued together.

The conical shaft - which sits loosely inside the base when assembled - is made on the same principle, in this case with seven concentric softwood segments, which are double-layered at the bottom, in the core to the spreading gilt-composition lotus leaves, and single layered above this. The top part of the shaft, from the ebonized band upwards, is made of solid beech, pieced out (one wide and one narrow section). The beech element appears to have been wholly ebonized, then water-gilded except for the top and bottom mouldings; within the gilded section the ovolo mouldings at top and bottom are burnished. At the bottom it is recessed to fit over a narrowed extension of the main softwood shaft. The dowel at the top appears to be an integral extension of the beech element.

After assembly of the softwood blocks, both the column and cone were turned, before the surface was decorated; first the veneer, and then the composition ornament were applied, and the composition finally oil-gilded. The top beech element may have been separately turned, carved and ebonized, before being fitted to the softwood core, and water-gilded. An ebonized surface shows behind losses to the gilding. The turning has left lathe marks at the bottom of the cone, and a lathe-fixing hole in the centre of the top, beech dowel.

The 'dish' that fits over the dowelled shaft is made in two tiers. The lower tier, with a central hole to fit over the dowel, is made of softwood, in four quarters, secured with loose tongues, and with moulded composition ornament applied to the underside, and gilded. The upper tier is in four quarters of oak; these may likewise be held with loose tongues, but this is concealed by a central metal disk, screw-threaded in the centre to hold the light fitting.

Designed by George Bullock (born in 1782 or 1783, died in London, 1818) and made in his London workshop

When acquired in 1987 the provenance for the torcheres given by Christie's was Don Pedro de Souza e Holstein, 1st Duke of Palmella, who was Portuguese Ambassador in London, and then by descent to the Visconde de Torraro; sold from Rua do Sacramento a Laga, 24, Lisbon, by Silva's on the premises 27th-29th April, lot 483; sold Christie's, 25th June 1987, lot 181.

Correspondence in the green catalogue reveals that the torcheres and other pieces sold at Christie's did not belong to the Duke of Palmella but belonged to the van Zeller family of Portugal. Carlos van Zeller inherited the Bullock furniture in 1914 from his parents and married Maria de Lancastre, granddaughter of the Duke of Palmella's daughter, Teresa, and the Count of Alcacovas. The Visconde Torraro (Luis de Lancastre) inherited the furnitue from Maria, his sister, and Carlos van Zeller.

Object Type
A torchère is a tall stand used for candles or lamps. This example is fitted with candle arms and glass pendants to increase the effect of light. It combines the use of pollard oak, a native wood, with exotic and Classical decoration, including a Greek key design and inverted lotus leaves.

Time
Imposing candle stands were fashionable in Regency Britain. The Prince Regent, later George IV, included them among the lavish furnishing of his London home, Carlton House, as shown in views of the interiors published by W.H. Pyne in The History of Royal Residences (1819). In 1812, Rudolph Ackermann's Repository of the Arts, a fashionable periodical, illustrated a stand similar to this torchère, but with a simpler light fitting. George Bullock's stock in 1819 included several elaborate examples.

People
George Bullock (1782/3-1818) was an innovative designer who moved to London in 1812 from Liverpool, where he had already established a business as a sculptor, modeller and cabinet-maker. His house-furnishing business included commissions from the novelist and antiquary Sir Walter Scott at Abbotsford in the Scottish Borders, and from M.R. Boulton of Great Tew Park, Oxfordshire. Bullock's most important commission for furniture was from the British Government for the house on the South Atlantic island of St Helena to which Napoleon Bonaparte was exiled after Waterloo. This torchère shows Bullock's innovative use of native woods, and the solid, sculptural quality of his designs.

W.39A/1 to A/4-1987