Physical description
Bronze and copper gilt reliquary, covered with enamel. Ivory carvings in the porticos. The whole rests on a wooden substructure.
The object is in the form of a miniature domed church of Greek cross design, supported by four gilt-copper griffins (two of the nineteenth century). The curved segments of the cupola, the sloping roofs of the main body of the structure, the background to the niches in which the prophets stand and the columns between them are decorated with distinctive enamel designs which allow a confident ascription to a Cologne workshop of about 1180.
Around the dome are seated Christ and the eleven apostles, with below, sixteen figures of prophets who hold inscribed scrolls on which are written words taken from Matthew, XVI, 13-16. Four ivory plaques depict the Virgin and Child with St Joseph, the Journey of the Magi, the Crucifixion and the Holy Women at the Sepulchre; the first two of these are nineteenth century replacements, copied from the reliquary now in the Kunstgewerbemuseum, Berlin (originally in Brunswick Cathedral as part of the Guelf treasury).
According to Alfred Darcel (La Collection Soltykoff, in Gazette des Beaux Arts, 1861, p.169-304), the Carrands had already restored the object in the 1850s and had added the knop at the top, two griffins and the following prophets: Maleachi, Sacharja, Bileam. The reliefs depicting the Journey of the three Magi, and the Holy Family, were copied from the examples of the Guelf treasury by the Parisien sculptor Geoffrey Dechaulme.
The position of Christ, whose scroll contains the beginning of the text passage, therefore determines the front of the object, directly above the relief of the Crucifixion. The inscriptions of the apostles are read anti-clockwise around the cupola, ending with St Peter. The apostles, with the exception of Peter (who holds his attribute, the key) follow a set bearded type and are indistinguishable from one another, while the fourth apostle is identical with Christ. All the figures are carved from walrus ivory and the incised inscriptions are highlighted with either red or black paint.
The sixteen prophets below, standing in niches to the sides of the narrative reliefs, also (with one exception) hold scrolls. The inscriptions clearly identify the prophets by their sayings; like those of the apostles, these are incised and embellished with red and black colouring. In size they range from 12.6 to 13 cm in height and 3.2 to 3.5 cm in width.
The Crucifixion relief is made up of four parts: a central section, the shell like canopy above and the two columns. The Maries and the Sepulcre relief, of two parts, is of elephant ivory. The two 19th century plaques of the Journey of the Magi and the Virgin and Child with St Joseph are also of two pieces and carved from elephant ivory. The four reliefs range in height from 12.4 cm to 12.8 cm.
Place of Origin
Köln (city), Germany (made)
Date
ca. 1180 (made)
Artist/maker
Unknown (production)
Materials and Techniques
Walrus ivory and elephant ivory figures and reliefs, mounted in a setting of gilt copper and enamel on an oak core
Marks and inscriptions
hoc monuMentum artis quonDam & Laborum
Cienobitarum ordinis sanCti benedicti, Coloniae
agrippinae, jam edacitate temporis perpessVm,
joan-bapt. carrand et ludovicus filius ejus, ambo
lugdunenses & rerum atque artium medii aevi indu-
gatores solertissimi, parisius instauraverunt.
Zephanja: SOPH MANE IUDICIU[M] SVUM D[ABIT IN LVCE] (Zeph 3,5)
Jonas: TOLLE ANINA[M] MEA[M] Q[VI]A MELIO[R EST] (Jona 4,3)
Micha: PRINCIPES UESTRI IN MVERI[BUS] (Micha 3, 11)
Maleachi: VOBIS TIMENTIB[US] D[O]M[INUM] OR[IETUR] (Maleachi 4,2)
Ezechiel: VIDI ROTA[M] IN MEDIO ROT[A]E (Ezechiel, 1, 16)
Sacharja: Q[V]I [ENIM T]ETIGERIT VOS TANG[I]T [PVPILLAM OCVLI MEI] (Sacharja 2,8)
Habakuk: C[V]M IRAT[US] FVERIS M[IS]E[RICORDIAE RECORDABERIS] [ME]MOR E[T] (Habakuk 3, 2)
Haggai: AGGEVS
Joel: CO[N]PV[T]RVER[VN]T IVMENTA IN (Joel 1, 17)
Hosea: ERO MORS TVA O M[ORS] (Hosea 13, 14)
Baruch: POST H[AEC] IN TERRIS VISVS E[ST] (Baruch 3, 38)
Jesja: ECCE VIRGO CONCIPIET (Jesja 7,14)
Amos: PASTOR EGO SV[M] UELIC[AN]S SYCOMOROS (Amos 7, 14)
Biliam: EX IACOB STELLA PROD[ER]IT (Num 24, 17)
Obadja: TRANSMIGRATIO I[S]R[AHE]L (Obadja 20)
Christ: QVEM DIC[UN]T H[OMIN]ES E[SS]E F[ILIUM]- VOS AU[T]EM Q[VEM]
10 Apostles: ALII- IOHEM- BAPTISTAM- ALII HELIAM- ALII VE[RO]-VERO- HIREMIAM- AVT VNVM- EX PRO- PHETIS
St Peter: TV ES XPC FILI[US] D[E]I (MT 16, 13-16)
Dimensions
Height: 54.5 cm, Width: 51 cm, Depth: 50.8 cm, Weight: 58 lb
Object history note
According to the parchment written in 1855 (see inscriptions), the object was thought to come from a Benedictine monastery in Cologne, probably Saint Pantaleon or Saint Martin. Saint Pantaleon is likely to be the original location in which are still preserved the shrines of Saint Marinus and Saint Albinus; both their enamels are stylistically very close to 7650-1861.
In a memorandum written by chanoine Franz Bock from Aachen, he stated that the object originally came from the Benedict nunnery at Eltenberg (Hochelten). According to Bock in the 1840s it was in the possession of the dealer Jakob Cohen in Anholt in the Lower Rhine region, who removed the walrus carvings to sell them individually to the Duke Salm-Salm. The latter eventually bought the entire reliquary. Bock described the appearance of the reliquary at that time as a shrine which was robbed of its ornaments (den seines Schmuckes beraubten Schreins), and that is was then restored by a goldsmith and a carpenter commissioned by the Duke. In 1853 he sold the object to the Cologne dealer Schmitz. The latter sold it through Jean-Baptist Carrand and his son Louis to Prince Soltykoff in 1853.
The museum acquired the "grand chasse" in 1861.
Crown and Veil Exhibition RF.2003/459
Historical significance: The tabernacle is a astonishing example of the the art of goldsmiths in Cologne in the second half of the thirteenth century and is closely related to a group of enamelled work among them the cross-shaped and domed tabernacle in the Kunstgewerbemuseum in Berlin and several other portable altars such as in Siegburg and Bamberg. It is highly likely, that the present piece together with the example in Berlin are the earliest receptacula in form of a cruciform church with a dome.
Historical context note
The inscriptions and the iconography of the object are all related to Christ, the Redemption of Mankind, the Arc of the Old Testament. It has therefore been suggested that the 'chasse'
did not function as reliquary but as a portable tabernacle which contained in a pyx the host. The tabernacle would have been used in processions or would have been set on an altar for veneration.
The original function of the object is not certain.
Descriptive line
Tabernacle, gilded bronze and copper on a wooden core, with champlevé enamel and walrus ivory, Lower Rhine (Germany), Cologne, probably from the church of St Pantaleon, ca. 1180, and French, 1853-55
Bibliographic References (Citation, Note/Abstract, NAL no)
Longhurst, Margaret H. Catalogue of Carvings in Ivory. Part I. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1927, pp. 78-80
Kötzsche, Dietrich and Lothar Lambacher, eds. Höhepunkte romanischer Schatzkunst : die Kuppelreliquiare in London und Berlin und ihr Umkreis. Berlin: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, 2006. Catalogue of an exhibition held at Kunstgewerbemuseum der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Sept. 16-Nov. 19, 2006. ISBN: 3886095509
See pp. 38-71 for detailed comparison between Berlin and London reliquaries.
Williamson, Paul. Medieval Ivory Carvings. Early Christian to Romanesque. London, V&A Publishing, Victoria and Albert Museum, 2010. ISBN: 1851776125.
See pp. 290-303.
Exhibition History
Crown and Veil - The Art of Female Monasticism in the Middle Ages (Ruhrland Museum 17/03/2005-03/07/2005)
'Höhepunkte Romanischer Schatzkunst: Die Kuppelreliquiare in London und Berlin unds ihr Umkreis (Kunstgewerbemuseum, Berlin 01/01/2006-31/12/2006)
Labels and date
Original label:
SHRINE or RELIQUARY. Copper-gilt. Decorated with champleve enamel and with ivory carvings inserted. The shrine is in the form of a quadrangular Byzantine temple surmounted by a dome and with a projecting portico on each of the four sides. An ivory plaque is inserted in the front of each portico, carved in relief of the Nativity, the Magi on horseback, the Crucifixion and the Resurrection. Sixteen ivory statuettes of prophets stand around the temple and twelve ivory statuettes of Apostles surround the doem, each bearing a scroll in his hand. The colums, walls and roff are enamelled. The whole rests on a base of copper gilt, standing on four griffins.
Production Note
and French, 1853-55; formerly called 'Eltenberg Reliquary'
Materials
Wood; Bronze; Enamel; Ivory; Oak; Copper-gilt
Techniques
Carved; Enamelling; Relief; Mounting
Subjects depicted
Figures; Jesus Christ; The Apostles; Tabernacle
Categories
Metalwork; Sculpture; Religion; Christianity; Ceremonial objects
Collection code
MET
