The earliest samplers were reference works for embroiderers. They showed 'samples' of patterns and stitches and recorded how to achieve particular effects. In Europe in the 17th century samplers provided instruction and practice for girls learning needlework. Making a sampler was part of a girl's school education throughout the 18th century and into the early 1800s. After about 1850 samplers were mostly used to educate only girls who wanted to become professional embroiderers. This sampler is an exercise in Berlin wool work. The maker has used counted thread stitches on a double canvas.