The earliest samplers were reference works for embroiderers. They showed 'samples' of patterns and stitches and recorded how to achieve particular effects. In Europe in the 17th century samplers provided instruction and practice for girls learning needlework. This Spanish sampler is in the style that most needleworkers in Spain used from the late 1600s to the 19th century. It is large and densely worked with geometric patterns and lifelike decoration in a variety of stitches.