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Not currently on display at the V&A

Casket

about 1180-1200 (made)
Artist/Maker
Place of origin

Boarded rectangular box with hipped lid, on low turned feet, carved in low relief and painted with romanesque animals.

Structure and metalwork
The wood is a fine grained hardwood, possibly a fruitwood such as pear.

The front and back are pegged/nailed? at half-lap joints to the sides. Two cast metal (bronze?) mounts were presumably nailed around each corner (all but two of which are now missing), with additional mounts of the same form nailed on each side of the lid. The bottom board is pegged (supplemented with modern nails?) to the front, back and sides. Four turned feet of which 3 survive were inserted at the corners of the bottom. The lid is carved from the solid and is now held at the back by two internal metal hinges of uncertain date. A nail survives in the back which may originally have fastened an external hasp of the type that survives on the Dolberg box. On the front a keyhole has been crudely cut into the central round concave dish, and a metal lock added inside.

Later interventions and losses
A slot (approx. x cm long x ) has been cleanly removed (sawn?) from the left side of the lid. Thorpe suggests that this was to allow the box to be used for alms (p. 92).
One foot missing at back left corner.
Section of loss at the front right bottom corner.
There is a hole in the centre of the lid for a missing handle. The Dolberg box retain a metal ring handle in this position.

Decoration
All the exterior surfaces of the box are decorated with a unified scheme of stylised animals and plant forms, interlaced knots and lattice carved in low relief in the solid and enhanced with and green, blue and red, pigments on a white ground (gesso?), with background water(?) gilding on a white ground. It appears that there is some colour underneath the gilding which needs further investigation.

The interior of the box is plain and covered with numerous traces of a reddish paint.
Lid front: a tree with symmetrical branches issuing in fronds is flanked by confronting bipeds passant, their tails trailed between wings resting at the tips on the ground and issuing in similar fronds.
Lid left: on either side of the central tree, winged bipeds confronting below fronded branches, their regardant heads biting off their necks.
Lid right: on either side of the central tree, quadruped monsters passant, their tails carried under their off-hind leg (left) and their near-hind leg (right), and rising into fronded terminals level with their regardant heads.
Lid back: draconic bipeds, paired passant, below the branches of a low tree, their necks resting on the ground, their snarling jaws confronting.
Front: to the left of the central round dish a griffin with angry tail terminating in fronds approaches an aquiline bird, its addorsed head devouring a fronded branch that probably represents a serpent. To the right of the central round dish a biting hound of giant proportions, salient above growing herbs, assaults the back of a deer.
Sides: both sides have similar but unmatched couples of interlacing medallions of beaded ropework.
Back: a lattice pattern of quatrefoils within lozenges.
The front, back and sides, and the four sides of the lid are bordered with key-fret or bead-work.
The underside of the bottom is painted in a reddish colour and is incised with triple diagonal lines to form four triangular compartments, those at the ends each containing a fleur-de-lis.


Object details

Categories
Object type
Materials and techniques
Pearwood (?), carved and painted
Brief description
German (Rhine), 1100-1300, pearwood?, carved and painted
Physical description
Boarded rectangular box with hipped lid, on low turned feet, carved in low relief and painted with romanesque animals.

Structure and metalwork
The wood is a fine grained hardwood, possibly a fruitwood such as pear.

The front and back are pegged/nailed? at half-lap joints to the sides. Two cast metal (bronze?) mounts were presumably nailed around each corner (all but two of which are now missing), with additional mounts of the same form nailed on each side of the lid. The bottom board is pegged (supplemented with modern nails?) to the front, back and sides. Four turned feet of which 3 survive were inserted at the corners of the bottom. The lid is carved from the solid and is now held at the back by two internal metal hinges of uncertain date. A nail survives in the back which may originally have fastened an external hasp of the type that survives on the Dolberg box. On the front a keyhole has been crudely cut into the central round concave dish, and a metal lock added inside.

Later interventions and losses
A slot (approx. x cm long x ) has been cleanly removed (sawn?) from the left side of the lid. Thorpe suggests that this was to allow the box to be used for alms (p. 92).
One foot missing at back left corner.
Section of loss at the front right bottom corner.
There is a hole in the centre of the lid for a missing handle. The Dolberg box retain a metal ring handle in this position.

Decoration
All the exterior surfaces of the box are decorated with a unified scheme of stylised animals and plant forms, interlaced knots and lattice carved in low relief in the solid and enhanced with and green, blue and red, pigments on a white ground (gesso?), with background water(?) gilding on a white ground. It appears that there is some colour underneath the gilding which needs further investigation.

The interior of the box is plain and covered with numerous traces of a reddish paint.
Lid front: a tree with symmetrical branches issuing in fronds is flanked by confronting bipeds passant, their tails trailed between wings resting at the tips on the ground and issuing in similar fronds.
Lid left: on either side of the central tree, winged bipeds confronting below fronded branches, their regardant heads biting off their necks.
Lid right: on either side of the central tree, quadruped monsters passant, their tails carried under their off-hind leg (left) and their near-hind leg (right), and rising into fronded terminals level with their regardant heads.
Lid back: draconic bipeds, paired passant, below the branches of a low tree, their necks resting on the ground, their snarling jaws confronting.
Front: to the left of the central round dish a griffin with angry tail terminating in fronds approaches an aquiline bird, its addorsed head devouring a fronded branch that probably represents a serpent. To the right of the central round dish a biting hound of giant proportions, salient above growing herbs, assaults the back of a deer.
Sides: both sides have similar but unmatched couples of interlacing medallions of beaded ropework.
Back: a lattice pattern of quatrefoils within lozenges.
The front, back and sides, and the four sides of the lid are bordered with key-fret or bead-work.
The underside of the bottom is painted in a reddish colour and is incised with triple diagonal lines to form four triangular compartments, those at the ends each containing a fleur-de-lis.
Dimensions
  • Height: 16.5cm
  • Width: 33cm
  • Depth: 20.2cm
Measured LC 11/10/10
Gallery label
COFFER OR RELIQUARY BYZANTINE; 12th or 13th century Wood, carved, painted, and gilt(pre October 2000)
Object history
Acquired in 1854. No further information is held in the Museum records.

A box of very similar form, dimensions and decoration is recorded at the Church of Dolberg (a village about 10km south-west of Beckum, Westphalia) exists at the Landesmuseum of Munster. (See the catalogue entry by G. Jászai in 'Imagination Des Unsichtbaren - 1200 Jahre Bildende Kunst im Bistum Münster' (Exhibition at the Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Münster, June 13-October 31, 1993, cat. No. A5 11)
The decoration on this box is strikingly similar but with slight variations in the composition and borders. See Thorpe for a comparison of composition and dimensions. The Dolberg box has similar metal mounts, a hasp and a lid handle, but lacks any feet. On the front, it has a similar central circular depression but this is painted red and has a carved quatrefoil imposed on a large diagonal cross.

Jászai suggests that the iconography of the Dolberg box indicates a religious origin. The battling beasts symbolise the struggle of good against evil, the grapes represent martyrs' blood, and the palmettes the tree of life. The lattice pattern on the back is an emblem of 'miraculum connecionis' (miracle of bonding). Thorpe suggests that there is an affinity between the lattice design on the backs of both boxes and ecclesiastical ceilings.

Parallels to the decorative vocabulary used on the box may be found on other objects from the Lower Rhine, such as woven silks, metalwork (eg acquamanile) and 12th century ivory caskets which are also similar in form eg Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (see Adolph Goldschmidt and Kurt Weitzmann, Die byzantinischen Elfenbeinskulpturen des X.-XIII. Jahrhunderts herausgegeben vom Deutschen Verein für Kunstwissenschaft. Berlin 1930)
Bibliographic references
  • W.A. Thorpe, 'A German Romanesque Box at South Kensington', in The Burlington Magazine, March 1957, pp. 92-3, figs. 32-5
  • John Hungerford Pollen: Ancient and modern furniture. With numerous woodcuts. [South Kensington Museum Art Handbooks, edited by William Maskell. No. 3 Furniture ancient and modern. One of 50 copies with additional illustrations]. (Chapman and Hall, for the Committee of Council on Education, London, 1875), illustrated opposite p.42 "Coffer or reliquary. Wood, carved, painted, and gilt. Byzantine, 12th or 13th cent. H. 6 1/2" L 13" W8"
  • The South Kensington Museum. Examples of the works of art in the Museum, and of the decorations of the building, with brief descriptions. Issued in monthly parts, I-XI (1880), XII-XXI (1881), XXII (1882) [Vol. 1. Parts I-XII; NAL: VA.1881.0001] COFFER. WOOD: CARVED, PAINTED AND GILT. No. 582-1854. I. 94 THIS box or coffer, of a date probably as early as the twelfth century, is a rare and good example of Rhenish-Byzantine work. Few such exist which are carved in wood: in metal or ivory or bone they are more often met with. The style of that age is peculiarly characteristic; rude, but full of force and dignity. Grotesque animals only and foliated ornaments form the decorations of this casket. ln other examples the same ornaments are found with human figures, or dogs, stags, and wild beasts. However twisted and wound together the different convolutions which are formed might (at first sight) seem to be, a little examination will show that they are symmetrically arranged and that every winding has been carefully designed with a very decided intention. The decorations may appear to be conventional but they are really made up of individual parts, separately thought out and carried to a distinct end. The style gradually died out soon after the beginning of the thirteenth century. The front panel is filled with four figures of fabulous animals, griffins, &c.: at the two ends there are merely knobs. The cover, pyramidal in shape with a flat top, is divided into five panels. These also are decorated with grotesque beasts, and the intermediate spaces filled with the usual foliated ornamentation. On the back are interlaced chequers, a quatrefoil in relief filling each square space. The bottom is also lined out into four square panels, with a light line ornament incised. There are remains of colour and gilding on the animals and foliated decorations. The coffer is six inches and a half in height, and about thirteen inches in length. Bought for 201.
  • Ancient and Modern Furniture & Woodwork in the South Kensington Museum, described with an introduction by John Hungerford Pollen, (London, 1874), p. 20. “Box or Coffer (Reliquary?). Wood, carved, painted, and gilt. German Byzantine. 12th century. H. 6 ½ in., L. 13 in., W. 8 in. Bought, 20 l. The top is pyramidal, with flattened apex. It divides into five panels, which, like the front, are occupied by griffins and beasts of the chase, in relief. The end panels contain tunic knots. The flats of the dividing bands, which are unmoulded on their sides, are decorated with incised Greek frets, zig-zag bands, crosses, beads, etc. It is a rare example of Rhenish Byzantine work in this material. The Greek influence, with its traces of classic ornament, and the vigorous northern life with which it is united, gives us the main characteristics of this northern art of which in carved shrines, reliquaries, etc., we have excellent examples in the Museum. The back is decorated with interlaced chequers, a quatrefoil in relief filling each square space. There are remains of colour and gilding on the animals and the decoration. It stands on four flattened ball feet. The bottom is also lined out into four panels, and both the dividing bands and the panels decorated with light line ornament incised.”
Collection
Accession number
582-1854

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Record createdApril 26, 2001
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