Physical description
Rectangular copper-gilt plaque in landscape format with champlevé enamel. The background is blue enamel, with the main figures reserved in gilt with engraved details.
Along the top edge of the plaque is the inscription, engraved on a reserved and gilded background: + A.FR(atr)IBVS DIMISSVS.E(st)IN.SPORTA (Acts IX.25: “He is let down by the disciples in a basket”). To the left of the panel is a castle with two frontal towers, and one towards the back. It has three central windows, highlighted with blue and purple enamel, while the two front towers each have two further lancet windows, in purple enamel. The bricks are engraved on the reserved and gilded background. A male figure (a disciple) stands on the roof of the castle holding the rope from which the basket, containing St Paul, is suspended. The bearded and saint is depicted half-length within the basket, with his arms raised towards his left, towards two standing male figures (two further disciples). His halo is blue enamel, and the basket is gilded with details in dark blue enamel. Along the bottom edge is a border decoration which reaches almost to the right hand edge, in blue and purple enamel. Along the left edge is a green and gilded border, and along the right edge is a different decorated border, where the enamel has been lost, but the gilding remains.
There is punched decoration on the castle, and the clothes of all the figures, as well as the lower enamelled border and the basket and ropes.
The outer edge of the panel has a beaded border. At two points the design on the plaque stretches out onto this border: the head of the man on the castle, and the left foot of the right-hand standing disciple.
The reverse of the panel is flat and plain with a few scratches. There are pin holes in each corner, and eleven holes along the left-hand side, possibly original.
There is damage between the right-hand wall of the castle and the rope supporting the basket.
Place of Origin
England, Great Britain (probably, made)
Date
ca. 1170-1180 (made)
Artist/maker
Unknown (production)
Materials and Techniques
Copper gilt with champlevé enamel
Marks and inscriptions
+ A.FR(atr)IBVS DIMISSVS.E(st)IN.SPORTA "He is let down by the disciples in a basket".
Dimensions
Height: 8.6 cm, Width: 12.8 cm, Depth: 0.2 cm, Weight: 0.16 kg
Object history note
Acquired in 1926 with the aid of a contribution from Mrs H P Mitchell in memory of her husband, formerly Keeper of the Department of Metalwork. Previously in the J. E. Taylor Collection, sold in the sale of the collection at Christie's, 1.7.1912, lot 62.
Historical significance: The choice of scenes in this group of plaques reflects the iconography of Siculo-Byzantine mosaic cycles in Sicily (cf scenes of St Paul being lowered in a basket and disputing with the philosophers appear at both Monreale and the Capella Palatina, Palermo). These are suggested as a model by Gauthier 1972. Both the V&A scenes (M.312-1926 and 223-1874) also appear in a Bible, in the Monastery of S. Paolo fuori le mura, f.307v (illustrated in H. Buchthal, 'Some Representations from the Life of St Paul in Byzantine and Carolingian art', Tortulae: Studien zu Altchristlichen und Byzantinischen Monumenten, Rome, 1966, pl.12. Buchthal suggests (p.48) that the scenes' appearance in this manuscript (an enlargement and improvement on previous illustrations depicting the story of St Paul and dated to around 870) implies a source in a lost Byzantine illustration to the Acts of the Apostles.
Gauthier 1972 refers to other tenth- and eleventh-century manuscripts illustrating these scenes including the Gradual of Prüm (Paris, Bibl.Nat.ms.lat.9442, ff.54-5).
Historical context note
This plaque and one showing St Paul disputing with the Greeks and Jews (223-1874) almost certainly came from the same object, possibly a large altarpiece or reliquary casket. The episode depicted here (St Paul escaping from Damascus) immediately preceded his dispute, shown on 223-1874.
Fiveother plaques from the same series are in the following museums:
St Peter walking on the water (Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum KG.609)
St Peter affirms Christ's divinity (Dijon, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Collection Trimolet no. 1249)
St Paul's conversion on the road to Damascus (Lyon, Musée des Beaux-Arts, objet d'art D.79)
St Paul and his disciples (New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 17.190.445)
Sts Peter and Paul proclaiming Christ's divinity (Dijon, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Collection Trimolet no. 1250)
Descriptive line
Rectangular copper-gilt plaque in landscape format with champlevé enamel
Bibliographic References (Citation, Note/Abstract, NAL no)
English Romanesque Art 1066-1200, London, 1984, cat. 290, pp.273-275
Catalogue entry by Neil Stratford which discusses this plaque with the others in the group. B&W illustrations of all except the Lyons plaque.
Campbell, Marian, An Introduction to Medieval Enamels, London: HMSO, 1983, p.25, pl. 19b, and p.29
B&W illustration, and very short discussion of possible Siculo/Byzantine links.
H. P. Mitchell, 'English Enamels of the Twelfth Century - part II', Burlington Magazine, vol. XLIX, October 1926, p.162, and plate 1C.
Description of the panel, b&w illustration, and detailed discussion of the relationship of four panels from the Sts Peter and Paul series with contemporary English manuscript illumination
K. Hoffmann (ed.), The Year 1200: A Centennial Exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1970, cat. no. 168
Catalogue entry, and illustrations of the entire group (except Nuremberg plaque)
M. Chamot, English Medieval Enamels, London, 1930, p.10 and cat. no.18
Short discussion of the group, and their stylistic relation to Mosan products, plus a catalogue entry, and b&w illustrations of all 7 plaques.
Catalogue of the Renowned Collection of Works of Art chiefly of the Medieval and Renaissance Times, Greek and Roman Antiquities, French 18th Century Furniture and Old Chinese Porcelain formed by the late John Edward Taylor Esq. of 20 Kensington Palace Gardens, W., Christie's, July 1st, 1912, lot 62, plate facing p.44.
Very brief catalogue entry describing the plaque as by Friedericus of Cologne, 12th century, plus b&w illustration.
M. Gauthier, Emaux du moyen âge occidental, Fribourg, 1972, cat. no. 116
Catalogue entry of the whole group of plaques with description of colour range, and short discussion of links to mosaic cycles in Sicily.
W. Sauerlaender, exhibition review of The Year 1200 exhibition, Art Bulletin, 1971, p.514.
Discusses the possible dating of the plaques (suggested by the exhibition catalogue as being late 12th-century), and suggests a date no later than 1180.
El Arte Románico: Exposición organizada por el gobierno español bajo los auspicios del consejo de Europa, Barcelona and Santiago de Compostela, 1961
Short catalogue entry (with plaque showing Sts Peter and Paul before an emperor (from Dijon)): discusses English sources for style.
Exhibition History
El Arte Románico [exhibition in Barcelona and Santiago, organised by the Spanish Government under the auspices of the European Council] (01/01/1961-31/12/1961)
The Year 1200: A Centennial Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 01/01/1905-31/12/2012)
English Romanesque Art 1066-1200 (Hayward Gallery, London 01/01/1907-31/12/2005)
Labels and date
ST. PAUL LET DOWN FROM THE WALLS OF DAMASCUS
Champlevé enamel on copper gilt
English; middle of the 12th century
Acquired with the aid of a contribution from the widow of Hugh Parker Mitchell, formerly Keeper of the Department of Metalworks, made in furtherance of his desire to secure it for the Museum.
Production Note
Neil Stratford's catalogue entry in English Romanesque Art 1066-1200 stresses the links with Ottonian art in the plaques from this group: specifically in the compositional formulae and the colour palette of the enamels. But both are seen to be transformed in an essentially English way - there are particularly close links to English manuscript illumination. He sees them as representing 'a phase of English art in particularly close touch with developments on the other side of the Channel'. The English attribution is also discussed in detail in the catalogue entry in The Year 1200, where it is described as 'not conclusive' (a Mosan or lower Saxon source is suggested), although the plaques have 'similarities to later English works'. El Arte Románico catalogue cites similarities with wall paintings in St Gabriel's chapel, Canterbury Cathedral, as well as several manuscript sources.
Materials
Enamel; Copper
Techniques
Champlevé
Subjects depicted
Castle; Basket; Damascus; Paul (Saint); Rope; Disciple
Categories
Enamels
Collection code
MET
