Jars of this type were used for storing drugs. It would have been part of a set of similar jars for different drugs, belonging to a pharmacy. The constriction just underneath the rim was used to close the pot off with a piece of parchment or paper and a string.
The Latin inscription on the painted label refers to the original contents of the jar: 'Mostard f.', or fine mustard, which was used for instance as a plaster. When applied to the skin, it causes mild irritation that increases the local blood supply, resulting in a warm, tingling sensation. It was thought to be beneficial in the treatment of various diseases.
Pharmacies in the Renaissance period were usually run by a monastic orders as part of their hospitals, or sometimes by one of the leading local families.
This large jar is decorated with a medley of implements and instruments of alchemy, house keeping, music and science, including painted earthenware jugs, two globes and a box on the opened lid of which is the date '1556'.