Physical description

In the centre panel is the Virgin enthroned holding the seated Child on her left arm. In the side panels stand figures of saints, on the left St John the Baptist, on the right Zacharias holding a censer in his right hand and an incense box in his left. Each figure is represented beneath a round arch supported on fluted columns. In the topmost panel flying angels support a medallion with a bust of Christ; in the bottom panel is th Nativity, with, on the right, the Message to the Shepherds.

Place of Origin

Aachen (made)

Date

ca. 810 (made)

Artist/maker

Unknown

Materials and Techniques

Elephant ivory reliefs in wood frame

Dimensions

Height: 37 cm overall, with gaps for frame, Width: 26.3 cm overall

Object history note

This frame is associated with the ivories which formed part of the front cover of an early ninth-century copy of the Gospels from Lorsch abbey. The back cover, now in the Vatican, shows Christ treading the beast between two archangels, with two flying angels above holding a medaillon with a cross, and below, the Magi before Herod and the Adoration of the Magi. From the Webb collection, previously in the Leven collection, Cologne, and Soltykoff in Paris.
The Lorsch Gospelbook was first mentioned in the library catalogue of the Lorsch monastery in about 860 as 'euangelium pictum, cum auro scriptum, habens tabulas eburneas'. It was then mentioned in 1479, when the book was re-bound and probably divided. One part came together with the library from Lorsch monastery to the library of the court and the university of Heidelberg in 1556, which was looted and donated to the Pope in 1622/23. The other part of the gospelbook ended up in Alba Julia in Romania, while the the present ivory which was attached to it found its way into the collection of Peter Leven in Cologne.

Historical significance: This frame is associated with the largest and most splendid of Carolingian bookcovers to have survived. It is also a telling example of the achievements of the Carolingian court to revive the classical past not only in architecture, but also in the production of precious goldsmithworks, illuminated manuscripts, and ivory carving.

Historical context note

This frame is associated with the ivories which are part of one of the major representatives of the so-called 'Court School' of Charlemagne.Carolingian art looked not only to the past imperial traditions of Rome but also to the more nearly contemporary imperial tradition of the East. This piece would seem to have been based on a sixth-centuryConstantinopolitan imperial diptych, formed of five panels, such as the Barberini diptych in the Louvre. A stylistic comparison can be made with surviving sixth works such sa the throne of Maximianus (Archbishop of Ravenna, 545-53) in Ravenna. The book cover is, of course, even closer to the major illuminated manuscrips of Charlemagne's Court school -plumfaces staring eyes, scalloped haloes, the lon curved fingers, and the decorative arcades - and it seems that illuminators and carvers used identical models.

Descriptive line

Gospels Cover, ivory, five panels, from the front cover of the Lorsch Gospels, Carolingian Court School, Aachen, ca. 810

Bibliographic References (Citation, Note/Abstract, NAL no)

Williamson, P. European Sculpture in the Victoria and Albert Museum London, 1996, pp. 32-33
Williamson, P. (ed) Medieval and Renaissance Treasures From the V&A V&A Publications 2007, pp. 18-19
Inventory of Art Objects acquired in the Year 1866. Inventory of the Objects in the Art Division of the Museum at South Kensington, arranged According to the Dates of their Acquisition. Vol. 1. London : Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode for H.M.S.O., 1868, p. 16
Williamson, Paul. The Medieval Treasury: the Art of the Middle Ages in the Victoria and Albert Museum. London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1986, pp. 64-65
Volbach, Wolfgang Fritz. Elfenbeinarbeiten der Spätantike und des frühen Mittelalters. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern, 1976, n. 224
Kunst und Kultur der Karolingerzeit: Karl der Große und Papst Leo III. in Paderborn. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. pp. 733-736. Catalogue of exhibition held Diocesan Museum, Paderborn.
Longhurst, Margaret H. Catalogue of Carvings in Ivory. London: Pub. under the authority of the Board of Education, 1927-1929, pp. 62-63
Williamson, Paul. Medieval Ivory Carvings. Early Christian to Romanesque. London, V&A Publishing, Victoria and Albert Museum, 2010, pp. 168-175, cat.no. 41
van den Brink, P. and Ayooghi, S. (eds.). Karl der Grosse: Karls Kunst. Dresden, 2014, pp. 64-66, 180-85.
Mende, Ursula. Die Mittelalterlichen Bronzen im Germanischen Nationalmuseum. Bestandskatalog. Nuremberg: Germanischen Nationalmuseums, 2013. ISBN 9783936688627
Ayooghi, Sarvenaz, Pohle, Frank and van der Brink, Peter, Karl Charlemagne Der Grosse, Aachen, Sandstein Verlag, 2014, pp. 102-103

Davies Glyn and Townsend, Eleanor, ed. by, A Reservoir of Ideas: Essays in Honour of Paul Williamson, London, Paul Holberton Publishing in assoc with V&A Publishing, 2017, pp. 64-66, fig. 7
Braunfels, Wolfgang (eds.), Charlemagne: oeuvre, rayonnement et survivances, Aachen: Council of Europe, 1965.

Production Note

Carolingian Court School

Materials

Elephant ivory; Wood

Techniques

Relief

Subjects depicted

Animals; Columns; Angels; Medallion; Arches

Categories

Sculpture; Christianity; Religion; Plaques & Plaquettes

Collection

Sculpture Collection