Candlestand thumbnail 1
Candlestand thumbnail 2

Candlestand

1400-1500 (made)
Artist/Maker
Place of origin

This large candlestand probably stood in a church choir, or before a tomb. The revolving rings that held the candles meant they could be added and snuffed out more easily. Similar examples from Belgium (Tournai, Ypres and Lierre) dating from 1490s - 1510s are illustrated in D'Allemagne, Histoire du Luminaire, pp.161-2.

The use of lighted candles as a sign of respect or devotion towards gods, the dead or the emperor in Roman times was transferred to rituals of Christian worship. In the Christian church, candles were carried individually in processions and set in clusters beside tombs, especially those of martyrs. Increasingly, candles became central to worship: successive popes from the ninth century onwards forbade mass to be said without light. Initially candles were placed beside the altar during mass, but from the eleventh century onwards they were placed on the altar itself. In the context of Christian writings and worship, the light of a candle had a number of symbolic associations, among them the light of divine knowledge and of life. The number of candles used could also have symbolic significance, although this significance varied across the centuries and according to local custom. Sometimes extinguishing a candle was as significant as lighting it. Prayers said during the hours of darkness and on Friday and Saturday before Easter came to be known in Latin as 'tenebrae' ('darkness') because as they were said, the candles in the choir were gradually snuffed out. This reflected not only the fact that the prayers were said at night, but also the account in the Gospel according to St Matthew of the darkness that enveloped the earth for three hours before Christ's crucifixion (Matthew 27.45).

Object details

Categories
Object type
Materials and techniques
Ironwork
Brief description
Iron. France. 1400-1500.
Physical description
Candlestand of wrought iron. The tall stem has hexagonal and circular sections, and stands on three curved feet. It supports three revolving rings which have alternating prickets and sockets for holding candles. There are four prickets and four sockets on each ring, arranged alternately (two prickets on the middle ring are broken). Each ring is strengthened by four brackets decorated with spikes and knobs The rings have vertical grooves on their outer edge. The stem terminates upwards in a pricket and is ornamented by two rings with mouldings.
Dimensions
  • Height: 250cm
  • Width: 65cm
Measured for the Medieval and Renaissance Galleries
Gallery label
(2009)
Candlestand
1400-1500
France
When lit for the Mass, the candlestand would have been ablaze with light. The candles were fixed to the small spikes and sockets alternating around the three rings. Its height and the wide rings threw the light over a wide area, and the wrought iron could withstand the heat of dripping wax.
(?1980s)
Candlestand
Wrought iron
French (?); about 1600
This candlestand was intended to hold the candles given by the faithful to burn in front of a shrine or statue of a saint, like those which can still be seen in use in Roman Catholic churches.
CANDLESTAND
Wrought iron
French (?); about 1600
This candlestand was intended to hold the candles give by the faithful to burn in front of a shrine or statue of a saint, like those which can still be seen in use in Roman Catholic churches.
Object history
This large candlestand probably stood in a church choir, or before a tomb. The revolving rings that held the candles would have enabled these to be snuffed out more easily during the prayers known as 'tenebrae' ('darkness'), when church lights were gradually extinguished. Similar examples from Belgium (Tournai, Ypres and Lierre) dating from 1490s - 1510s are illustrated in D'Allemagne, Histoire du Luminaire, pp.161-2.
Historical context
The use of lighted candles in Roman times as a sign of respect or devotion towards gods, the dead or the emperor was transferred to rituals of Christian worship. In the Christian church, candles were carried individually in processions and set in clusters beside tombs, especially those of martyrs. Increasingly, candles became central to worship: successive popes from the ninth century onwards forbade mass to be said without light. Initially candles were placed beside the altar during mass, but from the eleventh century onwards they were placed on the altar itself. In the context of Christian writings and worship, the light of a candle lent itself to a number of symbolic interpretations, among them the light of divine knowledge and of life. The number of candles used could itself have symbolic significance, although this significance varied across the centuries and according to local custom. Sometimes extinguishing a candle was as significant as lighting it. Prayers said during the hours of darkness and on Friday and Saturday before Easter came to be known in Latin as 'tenebrae' ('darkness') because as they were said, the candles in the choir were gradually snuffed out. This reflected not only the fact that the prayers were said at night, but also symbolized the darkness that enveloped the earth for three hours before Christ's crucifixion, as recorded in the Gospel according to St Matthew (Matthew 27.45).
Summary
This large candlestand probably stood in a church choir, or before a tomb. The revolving rings that held the candles meant they could be added and snuffed out more easily. Similar examples from Belgium (Tournai, Ypres and Lierre) dating from 1490s - 1510s are illustrated in D'Allemagne, Histoire du Luminaire, pp.161-2.

The use of lighted candles as a sign of respect or devotion towards gods, the dead or the emperor in Roman times was transferred to rituals of Christian worship. In the Christian church, candles were carried individually in processions and set in clusters beside tombs, especially those of martyrs. Increasingly, candles became central to worship: successive popes from the ninth century onwards forbade mass to be said without light. Initially candles were placed beside the altar during mass, but from the eleventh century onwards they were placed on the altar itself. In the context of Christian writings and worship, the light of a candle had a number of symbolic associations, among them the light of divine knowledge and of life. The number of candles used could also have symbolic significance, although this significance varied across the centuries and according to local custom. Sometimes extinguishing a candle was as significant as lighting it. Prayers said during the hours of darkness and on Friday and Saturday before Easter came to be known in Latin as 'tenebrae' ('darkness') because as they were said, the candles in the choir were gradually snuffed out. This reflected not only the fact that the prayers were said at night, but also the account in the Gospel according to St Matthew of the darkness that enveloped the earth for three hours before Christ's crucifixion (Matthew 27.45).
Associated objects
Bibliographic references
  • Henry-René D'Allemagne, Histoire du Luminaire depuis l'époque romaine jusqu'au XIXe siècle (Paris: Alphonse Picard, 1891)
  • M. Viollet-Le-Duc, Dictionnaire Raisonné du Mobilier Français de l'époque carolvingienne à la Renaissance, 6 vols (Paris: Bance, 1858-1875), I, pp.386-391 (esp. p.390).
  • Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de la Liturgie, ed. D. Sartore and A.M. Triacca (French translation coordinated by Henri Delhougne of Nuovo Dizionario di Liturgia, Rome 1984), 2 vols (Turnhout: Brepols, 1992 and 2002), II, 'Lexique liturgique', sub nom. 'Ténèbres'.
  • New Catholic Encyclopedia, (Washington D.C.: McGraw-Hill, 1967), vol. III, sub nom. 'Candles'
  • J.B.O'Connell, Church Building and Furnishing: The Church's Way - A Study in Liturgical Law (London: Burns and Oates, 1955), pp.204-5.
  • Marian Campbell, An Introduction to Ironwork (London: HMSO, 1985)
  • Alastair Laing, Lighting (London: HMSO, 1982)
Collection
Accession number
544-1895

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Record createdDecember 30, 2004
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